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��ࡱ�>�� tv����s��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������u �r�g[bjbj�n�n2^��a��a!7 �������""������������8�le�&plaaaaa���iokokokokokoko$�q�ht<�oq�������o��aa4�o����*�a�aio��io���a����0dw��'�������uo�o0&p��t�r�t��|0�t�)l,���������o�o!����&p�������������������������������������������������������������������������t���������"q s: policy studies journal volume 51, issue 4, november 2023 1. title: coalition cascades: the politics of tipping points in clean energy transitions authors: jonas meckling, nicholas goedeking abstract: policy change often involves multiple policy subsystems, as in the case of clean energy transitions. we argue that trans-subsystem policy feedback is a central dynamic in policy change across subsystems. policy in one subsystem creates benefits/costs and/or learning effects that mobilize actors for policy change in another subsystem, resulting in �coalition cascades� across interdependent subsystems. if coalition cascades lead to the resolution of coordination problems across subsystems, the system reaches a tipping point in policy change. coalition cascades are thus the transmission belts of trans-subsystem policy feedback. we illustrate our argument in the case of california's clean energy transition. we show how early renewable energy policy spilled over into the subsystems on grid policy�leading to energy storage policy�and on transport policy�resulting in electric vehicle charging policy. the article advances our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning trans-subsystem policy change, offering a model of the politics of tipping points. 2. title: operationalizing social equity in public policy design: a comparative analysis of solar equity policies in the united states authors: shan zhou, xue gao, adam m. wellstead, dong min kim abstract: while it is widely recognized that energy injustices are prevalent in the clean energy transition process, there has been limited research attention on policy efforts aiming to mitigate these inequities. in this paper, we use solar equity policies as an empirical case study to understand how social equity considerations are conceptualized and operationalized in energy policy content. we build upon the policy design literature and code institutional statements of 54 solar equity policies adopted between 2001 and 2021 in the united states. in our comparative analysis, we focus on three levels of policy design elements that can be directly observed in written policy language: macro-policy goal construction, meso-policy instrument choices, and micro-level policy settings and calibrations. we find that the policy goal of energy justice is multifaceted, with a great emphasis on solar energy accessibility and provision of economic benefits and security for disadvantaged communities. there is a dominant preference by policymakers to use redistributive policies and community solar programs to advance energy justice-related goals. solar equity policy instruments on-the-ground measures have also been calibrated to target specific disadvantaged populations in the energy system, which focus mostly on income-based vulnerability. 3. title: design paths of federal intergovernmental cooperation authors: simon montfort, manuel fischer, james hollway, nicolas w. jager abstract: actors rarely approach institutional design choices with a blank slate but are influenced by design choices made at earlier stages. how does institutional design evolve over time and are there specific paths to deepening cooperation? we investigate the institutional design paths of subnational cooperation that are chosen to address increasingly complex and interconnected policy problems. we theorize that besides the substantive problem, earlier choices matter to explain what institutional design mechanism is chosen; that is, the design of existing institutions between two subnational governance units, called substates, influences the design of subsequent institutions. using a semi-parametric cox proportional hazards model, we show that the design paths of subnational cooperation in the swiss water governance sector correlate with earlier design choices. our results indicate that not all cooperation is self-reinforcing and path-dependent, but they show which specific design choices are more likely to follow each other in repeated formal federal intergovernmental cooperation. 4. title: how street-level dilemmas and politics shape divergence: the accountability regimes framework authors: eva thomann, james maxia, j�rn ege abstract: hierarchical accountability often proves insufficient to control street-level implementation, where complex, informal accountability relations prevail and tasks must be prioritized. however, scholars lack a theoretical model of how accountability relations affect implementation behaviors that are inconsistent with policy. by extending the accountability regimes framework (arf), this paper explains how multiple competing subjective street-level accountabilities translate into policy divergence. the anti-terrorism �prevent duty� policy in the united kingdom requires university lecturers to report any student they suspect may be undergoing a process of radicalization. we ask: what perceived street-level accountabilities and dilemmas does this politically contested policy imply for lecturers, and how do they affect divergence? an online survey of british lecturers (n = 809), combined with 35 qualitative follow-up interviews, reveals that accountability dilemmas trigger policy divergence. the arf models how street-level bureaucrats become informal policymakers in the political system when rules clash with their roles as professionals, citizen-agents, or �political animals.� 5. title: narratives and expert information in agenda-setting: experimental evidence on state legislator engagement with artificial intelligence policy authors: daniel s. schiff, kaylyn jackson schiff abstract: are narratives as influential in gaining the attention of policymakers as expert information, including for complex, technical policy domains such as artificial intelligence (ai) policy? this pre-registered study uses a field experiment to evaluate legislator responsiveness to policy entrepreneur outreach. in partnership with a leading ai think tank, we send more than 7300 u.s. state legislative offices emails about ai policy containing an influence strategy (providing a narrative, expert information, or the organization's background), along with a prominent issue frame about ai (emphasizing technological competition or ethical implications). to assess engagement, we measure link clicks to further resources and webinar registration and attendance. although ai policy is a highly technical domain, we find that narratives are just as effective as expert information in engaging legislators. compared to control, expert information and narratives led to 28 and 34 percent increases in policymaker engagement, respectively. furthermore, higher legislature professionalism and lower state-level prior ai experience are associated with greater engagement with both narratives and expert information. finally, we find that policymakers are equally engaged by an ethical framing of ai policy as they are with an economic one. the findings advance efforts to bridge scholarship on policy narratives, policy entrepreneurship, and agenda-setting. 6. title: the role of policy narrators during crisis: a micro-level analysis of the sourcing, synthesizing, and sharing of policy narratives in rural texas authors: mark c. hand, megan morris, varun rai abstract: how do policymakers respond to crises? the narrative policy framework (npf) answers this question by focusing on the contest over policy narratives. this paper focuses on the individuals constructing those policy narratives, conceptualizing them as policy narrators. using a case study approach, we analyze seven counties located in a major oil and gas formation in texas, which in early 2020 faced both an oil bust and the onset of covid-19. we explore four sets of propositions about how policy narrators source, synthesize, and share their policy narratives. we find that while their narratives vary, the structure of those narratives is similar; their backgrounds shape how they source narratives, and they tailor their levels of narrative breach to the action (or inaction) they hope for. they avoid casting other local actors as villains, place their audience as the hero, and situate themselves as either supporting or a member of that audience, stressing their common ties. from these findings, we put forward a working definition of policy narrators, identify how they fit into the npf, and discuss how they relate to other types of policy actors, including policy entrepreneurs. 7. title: analyzing the association of policy narratives with problem tractability in the implementation of eu decisions: evidence from the phytosanitary policy area authors: marco schito abstract: the narrative policy framework (npf) suggests that narratives can be employed to define and contest policy problems. yet, few npf studies have explicitly addressed the narrative portrayal of problem intractability. what role do narratives play in a situation of uncertainty about the causes and solutions of the problem, when strong divergences regarding the values and interests of the policy actors exist? the article anchors the npf to the literatures on problem definition and implementation to advance two propositions about (a) how differences in the use of narrative elements can be suggestive of the degree of problem (in-)tractability; and (b) whether other elements of tractability, namely the presence of a valid causal theory, are associated with the usage of narrative strategies. i test the propositions by analyzing media commentaries surrounding the implementation of european decisions to tackle a tree-killing epidemic in italy. the findings suggest that narratives can helpfully illustrate the intractability inherent in the policy debate. however, narratives can also develop independently of factors that the implementation literature understands as conducive to lowering intractability, namely knowledge accumulation. the npf may represent a promising alternative to understand policy implementation processes. 8. title: police unions and use-of-force reforms in american cities authors: sean nicholson-crotty, jill nicholson-crotty, euipyo lee abstract: following the murder of george floyd, there was widespread debate about the policies that govern the use of force by police, but municipal leaders suggested that police unions kept many of the proposed changes from being adopted. although there is anecdotal and scholarly evidence that unions frequently oppose policing reform, the limited literature in this area actually offers somewhat mixed conclusions about the relationship between union strength and the success of previous reform efforts. in this study, we draw on halpin's theory of interest groups as politically adaptive organizations to develop expectations about the behavior of police unions in police governance subsystems. we hypothesize that union attempts to influence policy will correlate positively with reform adoption when the political environment is conducive to victory on that front or makes the cost of opposition too high and negatively when the opposite conditions hold. analyses of the impact of union campaign contributions on the adoption of use-of-force policies in the 100 largest u.s. cities demonstrate that the nature and direction of union influence are moderated by the political climate of the jurisdiction in which they operate. 9. title: the adoption of culturally contentious innovations: the case of citizen oversight of police authors: mir usman ali abstract: cultural contentiousness is defined as an attribute of innovation due to which it encounters resistance because of its incompatibility with hegemonic cultural assumptions. i argue that culturally contentious innovations are likely to be adopted when antecedents have productive symbolic force, i.e., they reveal contradictions between dominant cultural assumptions and the material outcomes of existing institutions or empower social actors to resolve such contradictions. however, antecedents with incapacitative symbolic force tend to obfuscate the above contradictions or decrease social actors� capacity to resolve them, encouraging the adoption of less contentious innovation. applying these arguments to citizen oversight agencies (coas) for the police, i examine the antecedents of contentious (i.e., investigative) as opposed to less contentious (non-investigative) coas. in support of the above argument, i find that productive antecedents (e.g., a consent decree, an increase in civil rights nonprofits) are associated with adopting investigative coas. in contrast, incapacitative antecedents (e.g., a law enforcement officer bill of rights, an increase in the violent crime rate) are associated with adopting non-investigative coas. the findings broadly demonstrate that policy adoption scholars ought to distinguish policies in terms of cultural contentiousness and account for the symbolic force of antecedents. further theoretical contributions are discussed. 10. title: how police agency diversity, policies, and outcomes shape citizen trust and willingness to engage authors: katelyn e. stauffer, miyeon song, kelsey shoub abstract: while widespread agreement that policing in the united states needs to be reformed arose in the summer of 2020, 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