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��ࡱ�>�� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �r�objbj����2b�����f ���������������������84k�m4g}}}}�� ��l�l�l�l�l�l�l$hn��ph�l�������l��}}4�l������}�}�l���l���}����`��%����l�l0m�2q��2q���n2q�cj<���������l�l)z���m������������������������������������������������������������������������2q���������� �: research policy volume 39, issue 7, sep. 2010 1. title: academic inventors as brokers authors: francesco lissoni abstract: academic inventors are university scientists who appear as designated inventors of patents owned either by business companies, academic institutions or individuals. we analyse their relationships with co-inventors, who may be either academic colleagues, students, or, very often, industrial researchers.  hyperlink "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=articleurl&_udi=b6v77-502wfyc-1&_user=1553430&_coverdate=09/30/2010&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(#toc#5835#2010#999609992#2181742#fla#display#volume)&_cdi=5835&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=c000053663&_version=1&_urlversion=0&_userid=1553430&md5=56319fbfba876ab5c88d13a95b075808" \l "bib19" gould and fernandez's (1989) taxonomy of �brokerage� roles is adjusted to patent data, and complemented with information drawn from both academic inventors� publications and replies to a short questionnaire. only very few academic inventors are found to hold brokerage positions. such inventors have a large number of patents, a strong publication record and a higher-than-average share of patents held by companies, rather than universities. relationships of academic inventors with co-inventors from industry are weaker and less likely to be maintained than those with co-inventors from academia. academic inventors in gatekeeping positions (between university and industry) maintain the strongest ties with all types of co-inventors. 2. title: investigating the factors that diminish the barriers to university�industry collaboration authors: johan bruneel, pablo d�este, ammon salter abstract: although the literature on university�industry links has begun to uncover the reasons for, and types of, collaboration between universities and businesses, it offers relatively little explanation of ways to reduce the barriers in these collaborations. this paper seeks to unpack the nature of the obstacles to collaborations between universities and industry, exploring influence of different mechanisms in lowering barriers related to the orientation of universities and to the transactions involved in working with university partners. drawing on a large-scale survey and public records, this paper explores the effects of collaboration experience, breadth of interaction, and inter-organizational trust on lowering different types of barriers. the analysis shows that prior experience of collaborative research lowers orientation-related barriers and that greater levels of trust reduce both types of barriers studied. it also indicates that breadth of interaction diminishes the orientation-related, but increases transaction-related barriers. the paper explores the implications of these findings for policies aimed at facilitating university�industry collaboration. 3. title: career patterns and competences of phds in science and engineering in the knowledge economy: the case of graduates from a uk research-based university authors: hsing-fen lee, marcela miozzo, philippe laredo abstract: based on data collected through a complex survey of science and engineering phd graduates from a uk research-based university, this paper examines the different types of careers and to what extent different types of competences acquired from doctoral education are regarded as valuable in the different career types. the results show that employment outside the conventional technical occupations is the main destination for the survey respondents. this career type is not only successful at retaining its members, but is also the destination of the other career types. moreover, different types of competences from doctoral education are regarded as relatively more valuable in different career types: knowledge directly tied to subject areas is regarded as more valuable in academia/public research; both knowledge directly tied to subject areas (but more general type of knowledge rather than specialist knowledge in phd topics) and the more general and transferable skills are regarded as valuable in technical positions in manufacturing; and the general and transferable skills are regarded as more valuable in employment outside the conventional technical occupations. in absolute terms, general analytical skills and problem solving capability acquired from doctoral education are perceived as valuable in all three career types. 4. title: organizing links with science: cooperate or contract?: a project-level analysis authors: bruno cassiman, maria chiara di guardo, giovanni valentini abstract: links with science have been argued to improve the (innovation) performance of firms. yet we still know comparatively little about the project-level characteristics affecting the organization of such links. our study, based on a sample of 52 projects carried out by a multinational company in the semiconductor industry, reveals that the knowledge attributes of a project help in predicting how the r&d activities will be organized. in particular, basic projects are likely to be developed through formal cooperative agreements with universities. such projects also tend to be strategically less important. for strategically more important projects, in contrast, and for those where the knowledge to be developed is particularly novel to the firm, the firm is more likely to resort to formal contracting with a university for a specific component of the r&d project, usually early on in the project. 5. title: initiating private-collective innovation: the fragility of knowledge sharing authors: simon g�chter, georg von krogh, stefan haefliger abstract: incentives to innovate are a central element of innovation theory. in the private-investment model, innovators privately fund innovation and then use intellectual property protection mechanisms to appropriate returns from these investments. in the collective-action model, public subsidy funds public goods innovations, characterized by non-rivalry and non-exclusivity in using these innovations. recently, these models have been compounded in the private-collective innovation model where innovators privately fund public goods innovations. private-collective innovation is illustrated in the case of open source software development. this paper contributes to the work on this model by investigating incentives that motivate innovators to share their knowledge in an initial situation, before there is a community to support the innovation process. we use game theory to predict knowledge sharing behavior in private-collective innovation, and test these predictions in a laboratory setting. the results show that knowledge sharing is a coordination game with multiple equilibria, reflecting the fragility of knowledge sharing between innovators with conflicting interests. the experimental results demonstrate important asymmetries in the fragility of knowledge sharing and, in some situations, more knowledge sharing than theoretically predicted. a behavioral analysis suggests that knowledge sharing in private-collective innovation is not only affected by material incentives, but also by social preferences such as fairness. the results offer general insights into the relationship between incentives and knowledge sharing and contribute to a better understanding of the initiation of private-collective innovation. 6. title: how top management team diversity affects innovativeness and performance via the strategic choice to focus on innovation fields authors: katrin talke, s�ren salomo, katja rost abstract: past innovation research has largely neglected potential effects of corporate governance issues on strategic choices, and thereby on innovation management outcomes. the theory of upper echelon implies that strategic choices result from idiosyncrasies of top management teams (tmt). building on this theory, we hypothesize that tmt diversity enhances firm performance by facilitating an innovation strategy that increases the firm's new product portfolio innovativeness. our findings support the relevance of considering a corporate governance view for explaining innovation outcomes. empirically, we can show that tmt diversity has a strong impact on the strategic choice of firms to focus on innovation fields. such focus then drives new product portfolio innovativeness and firm performance. as corporate governance arrangements thus seem relevant in the context of innovation management, we can derive implications for both policy makers and innovation researchers. 7. title: the local/global integration of mnc subsidiaries and their technological behaviour: argentina in the late 1990s authors: anabel marin, martin bell abstract: a growing number of studies suggest that only innovative subsidiaries generate positive technological effects in host countries. in this context, this paper explores the variability in the intensity of innovative activity across mnc subsidiaries within a late-industrialising host economy in connection with two factors: the subsidiaries� functional integration within (a) their global corporations and (b) their host economy. we found that the more innovative subsidiaries were those that enjoy integration to both the local economy and their global corporation. however, they represented a small proportion of all subsidiaries, most of which were disconnected from both their global corporation and the local economy. we also found that, in common with some findings in advanced country contexts, but in contrast to common expectations in industrialising economies, subsidiaries that were strongly integrated into their parent corporations undertook more, not less, intensive innovative activity than those that were well integrated into the host economy. 8. title: innovative path dependence: making sense of product and service innovation in path dependent innovation processes authors: sof thrane, steen blaabjerg, rasmus hannemann m�ller abstract: this paper analyses path dependence and path creation in firm innovation focusing on the effect of cognitive frames and organisational processes. a northern european medical device firm is analysed through a detailed assessment of the structural and processual elements of cognitive path dependence. cognitive schemas are analysed through development of ideal typical views on innovation and through an investigation of two specific innovation projects. drawing on sensemaking and actor network theory the paper adds to the literature in three respects. first, it provides a more systematic analysis than available in the existing literature of how cognitive frames enable and constrain firm innovation. second, it presents an empirical analysis that contributes to a differentiation of the concept of path dependence, distinguishing between innovative path dependence and technological path dependence. third, the paper analyses the timing of constraints and path dependence. in the cases studied the innovation approach frames the innovation problem and constraints in relation to technologies have an impact on the innovation processes later, after new technologies have been thoroughly researched. the paper illustrates how the case firm is cognitively locked into an innovation path focused on generating ever-new product versions on different technological platforms, regardless of cannibalisation among the firm's different product versions. despite the cognitive lock-in to an innovation path the firm is unconstrained in its choice of technological platforms and paths. firms� innovation processes may thus simultaneously be characterised by unrestrained search processes and myopic behaviour. 9. title: demand and innovation in services: the case of mobile communications authors: nicoletta corrocher, lorenzo zirulia abstract: this paper aims to analyse the pricing strategies of mobile communications operators and examine the role of demand characteristics in the development of new tariff plans. in so doing, we depart from a traditional industrial organization approach to price discrimination and interpret new tariff plans as innovations. in the spirit of schumpeter, we look at competition in this sector as depending upon this form of innovation, and we argue that, given the specific features of the industry, the development of new tariff plans is strongly related to the users� characteristics and behaviour. our main point is that in a context of uncertainty, demand affects firms� innovative strategies in two ways: first, by providing information on user behaviour and by increasing the capability of market segmentation; and second, by providing the incentives to innovate. this argument is supported by an empirical analysis carried out on the basis of an original dataset which includes all the tariff plans on offer in the history of the italian market between 1992 and 2005. we find that both a firm's installed customer base and the level of market saturation play a role in shaping firms� innovative pricing strategies, in terms of the number and characteristics of the new tariff plans. 10. title: knowledge protection strategies of multinational firms�a cross-country comparison authors: pedro de faria, wolfgang sofka abstract: international knowledge spillovers, especially through multinational companies (mncs), have recently been a major topic of discussion among academics and practitioners. most research in this field focuses on knowledge sharing activities of mnc subsidiaries. relatively little is known about their capabilities for protecting valuable knowledge from spilling over to host country competitors. we extend this stream of research by investigating both formal protection strategies (e.g. patenting) as well as strategic ones (secrecy, lead time, complex design). we conceptualize the breadth of firm's knowledge protection strategies and relate it to the particular situation of mnc subsidiaries. moreover, we argue that their approaches differ with regard to host country challenges and opportunities. we address these issues empirically, based on a harmonized survey of innovation activities of more than 1800 firms located in portugal and germany. we find evidence that mncs prefer broader sets of knowledge protection strategies in a host country with fewer opportunities for knowledge sourcing (portugal). in germany, though, they opt for narrower sets of knowledge protection strategies if they invest in innovation activities themselves. we deduce that these results are due to a need for reciprocity in knowledge exchanges to benefit fully from promising host country knowledge flows. 11. title: german employee inventors� compensation records: a window into the returns to patented inventions authors: jesse giummo abstract: this paper uses a novel data source, namely german employee inventors� compensation records compiled in compliance with the german employee invention act of 1957 to estimate the returns to patented inventions. in contrast to patent value estimates obtained from surveys and renewals, these records primarily provide a measure of the value of the use of the invention and not the value of patent protection. while indicators of patent value explain much of the variation in these patent value estimates, the values are only weakly correlated with the estimated renewal value of the patents. the distribution of patent value from these records is highly skew, with the vast majority of the returns earned by a select set of high valued patents, consistent with finding for other measures of patent value. the value estimates however are considerably lower than recent survey estimates with most of the patents having little or no realized value, suggesting that the returns appropriated through the use of an invention may represent only a fraction of the value of a patented invention. 12. title: propensity to patent, competition and china's foreign patenting surge authors: albert guangzhou hu abstract: foreign applications for chinese patents have been growing by over 30% a year. this paper explores two hypotheses in explaining the foreign patenting surge in china: market covering and competitive threat. with foreign companies more deeply engaged with the chinese economy, returns from protecting their intellectual property in china have increased. as domestic chinese firms� ability to imitate foreign technology gains strength and competition between foreign firms intensifies in the chinese market, such competitive threat creates an urgency for protecting intellectual property. using a database that comprises china's state intellectual property office patents and the u.s. patent and trademark office patents, i find strong support for the competitive threat hypothesis. the estimates imply that competition between foreign firms in china can account for 36% of the annual growth of foreign patenting in china. 13. title: the private value of software patents authors: bronwyn h. hall, megan macgarvie abstract: we investigate the value creation or destruction associated with the introduction of software patents in the united states in two ways. the first looks at the cumulative abnormal returns to information and communication technology (ict) firms around the time of important court decisions that impacted software patents, and the second analyzes the relationship between firms� stock market value, the sector in which they operate, and their holdings of software patents. we conclude that the market evaluated software patents as a negative development ex ante. ex post, a greater number of firms in all ict sectors invested in these patents, and these firms had slightly higher market values than those with no software patents. however, while we obtain clear evidence that the technological importance or quality of patented innovation mattered for the market value of hardware firms both before and after the legal changes, it is less clear that the marginal patent right per se was associated with increases in market value, and there are no significant valuation effects associated with patents for pure software firms after the change.     !"$( -./1:x`ar��̺��������um`rdr9dhicy5�ojqj^jh�.�h�;75�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h 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