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��ࡱ�>�� u �r��nbjbj�n�n2��a��a�f ��""��8�|u$��pl��ppppppp$r��t<=p��=p��4rpooo��po�pooo��|o��g(ophp0�po�t�f�too0�t�l��o��=p=p��p��t��"qs: research policy volume 52, issue 9, november 2023 1. title: wearing multiple hats�the role of working group chairs� affiliation in standards development authors: justus baron, olia kanevskaia abstract: standards development organizations (sdo) make critical decisions shaping the direction of technological innovation. sdos are usually considered to offer a neutral venue for the collaborative efforts of different stakeholders, which often pursue competing particular interests. nevertheless, individuals acting on behalf of the sdo, such as working group chairs, are themselves often employees of individual sdo stakeholders. recently, there have been concerns that over-representation of the employees of certain powerful stakeholders in sdo leadership positions may undermine the objectivity of sdo decision making. nevertheless, to date, there exists no empirical evidence to corroborate these concerns. we find that being affiliated with one of the largest sdo stakeholders significantly increases an individual�s likelihood of being appointed to a leadership position at ietf, but not at 3gpp. at the same time, in both sdos, working groups whose chairs are affiliated with leading stakeholders produce standards that are less cited and less referenced than standards produced by other working groups, in particular those chaired by university affiliates. our findings suggest that the commercial interests of individuals� employers may facilitate these individuals� ascension to sdo leadership positions, but the potential for conflicts between these commercial interests of chairs� employers and the organizational goals of the sdo may negatively impact the success of the working group�s standards. 2. title: resolving the patents paradox in the era of covid-19 and climate change: towards a patents taxonomy authors: juana bustamante, christine oughton, vanesa pesque-cela, damian tobin abstract: this paper revisits the patents debate and considers the role of intellectual property rights and their impact on society in the context of inventions designed to protect global common pool resources (cprs) such as public health and the environment. a review of the theoretical and empirical literature suggests that there has never been a clear consensus among researchers on the benefits of the patent system and intellectual property rights. as robinson notes, �the patent system introduces some of the greatest of the complexities in the capitalist rules of the game and leads to many anomalies.� we explore these anomalies by specifying a taxonomy of patents for different classes of inventions, including inventions to protect cprs. this includes vaccines and inventions that reduce externalities, such as, cfc gases and greenhouse gas emissions. in these instances, the effectiveness of innovations depends critically on rapid global diffusion. our theoretical analysis utilises ostrom's cpr dilemma to analyse the complexities surrounding innovation and cprs. we find that the effectiveness of innovations to protect cprs depends on industrial characteristics and the wider regulatory environment. empirical evidence is brought to bear on these conclusions via 2 case studies that each embodies a natural experiment; one on vaccines pre- and post-trips and one on environmental technologies to reduce cfc gases and co2 emissions with and without an agreed un protocol. the insights gained are explored in our policy section. our analysis suggests the need for a more nuanced approach to patent policy that is embedded in the wider context of innovation systems and takes account of the anomalies raised by cprs. for cpr protecting innovations subject to positive network externalities, we advocate that policy should prioritise diffusion over private incentives for r&d and use alternative policies to patents to stimulate investment in r&d. 3. title: intellectual property rights and the international transfer of climate change mitigating technologies authors: suma athreye, vinish kathuria, alessandro martelli, lucia piscitello abstract: our study is a quasi-replication of dechezlepr�tre et al. (2013), which was among the first studies to find a strong role for iprs in explaining the international transfer of climate change and mitigation technologies (ccmts). their result is at odds with the received wisdom on the ambiguous role of iprs in determining technology transfer to developing countries as strong iprs can enable a market expansion effect and result in technology transfer but they may also strengthen monopoly power, increase value and reduce the incentive to transfer a large volume of technology. we extend the dechezlepr�tre et al. (2013) study by distinguishing between oecd and non-oecd groups of countries, including the effect of both de jure and de facto iprs, and extending the period of study to include the years 2008�2018, when global trade and investment slowed down. our exercise reveals that technology transfer to non-oecd countries is associated with a different set of policies compared to oecd countries. we also find that strong ip policies have not had the same beneficial ccmts transfer outcomes in 2008�2018 as they did in the earlier period and in fact strong de facto ipr reduced the volume of ccmts transfer to all countries. 4. title: collective intellectual property of indigenous peoples and local communities: exploring power asymmetries in the rooibos geographical indication and industry-wide benefit-sharing agreement authors: camille meyer, kiruben naicker abstract: collective intellectual property of traditional knowledge by indigenous peoples and local communities is an important source of innovation and product development. in this article, we investigate collective intellectual property systems on the traditional knowledge of aspalathus linearis, also known as rooibos�an endemic plant from south africa which is the basis of an important herbal tea industry. we analyze how issues of misappropriation on rooibos have been addressed through the establishment of two industry-wide collective intellectual property systems: a geographical indication and a benefit-sharing agreement. in a context characterized by high socio-economic inequalities, these systems are built on institutions for collective action that display important power asymmetries between social groups. we contribute to ongoing debates about intellectual property impacts by investigating how collective intellectual property systems enable the sharing of benefits arising from the use of biodiversity and related knowledge, but can be sources of exclusion that reflect asymmetric power dynamics. 5. title: partisan patent examiners? exploring the link between the political ideology of patent examiners and patent office outcomes authors: joseph raffiee, florenta teodoridis, daniel fehder abstract: patents are key strategic resources which enable firms to appropriate innovation returns and prevent rival imitation. patent examiners � individuals who may be subject to various sources of bias � play a central role in determining which inventions are awarded patent rights. using a novel dataset, we explore if one increasingly prevalent source of bias � political ideology � manifests in examiner decision-making. reassuringly, our analysis suggests that the political ideology of patent examiners is largely unrelated to patent office outcomes. however, we do find evidence suggesting politically active conservative-leaning examiners are more likely to grant patents relative to politically active liberal-leaning examiners, but only for patent applications where there is ambiguity regarding what constitutes patentable subject matter and hence examiners have greater discretion. 6. title: measuring the technological bias of robot adoption and its implications for the aggregate labor share authors: michael koch, ilya manuylov abstract: this paper investigates the technological bias of robot adoption using a rich panel data set of spanish manufacturing firms over a 25-year period. we apply the production function estimation when productivity is multidimensional to the case of an automating technology, to reveal the hicks-neutral and labor-augmenting technological change brought about by robot adoption within firms. our results indicate a causal effect of robots on hicks-neutral and labor-augmenting components of productivity. the biased technological change turns out to be an important determinant of the decline in the aggregate share of labor in the spanish manufacturing sector. 7. title: open source software and global entrepreneurship authors: nataliya langburd wright, frank nagle, shane greenstein abstract: this is the first study to consider the relationship between open source software (oss) and entrepreneurship around the globe. this study measures whether country-level participation on the github oss platform affects the founding of innovative ventures, and where it does so, for what types of ventures. we estimate these effects using cross-country variation in new venture founding and oss participation. we propose an approach using instrumental variables, and cannot reject a causal interpretation. the study finds that an increase in github participation in a given country generates an increase in the number of new technology ventures within that country in the subsequent year. the evidence suggests this relationship is complementary to a country's endowments, and does not substitute for them. in addition to this positive change in the rate of entrepreneurship, we also find a change in direction�oss contributions lead to new ventures that are more mission- and global-oriented and are of a higher quality. together, the results suggest that oss can boost entrepreneurial activity, albeit with a human capital prerequisite. finally, we consider the implications for policies that encourage oss as a lever for stimulating entrepreneurial growth. 8. title: individualistic ceo and corporate innovation: evidence from u.s. frontier culture authors: lei gao, jianlei han, zheyao pan, huixuan zhang abstract: we study the relationship between a ceo's individualistic cultural background and corporate innovation. using hand-collected data on the birthplaces of u.s.-born ceos, we present robust evidence demonstrating that ceos born in frontier counties with a higher level of individualistic culture are associated with superior corporate innovation outcomes. firms led by these ceos exhibit higher levels of both quantity and quality in their innovation output, placing a greater emphasis on breakthrough innovation compared to firms led by ceos born elsewhere. furthermore, our findings are consistent with the notion that individualistic ceos cultivate an innovation-oriented corporate culture and enhance human capital by attracting a greater inflow of inventors, thereby promoting corporate innovation. 9. title: the world war ii crisis innovation model: what was it, and where does it apply? authors: daniel p. gross, bhaven n. sampat abstract: world war ii was one of the most acute emergencies in u.s. history, and the first where mobilizing science and technology was a major part of the government response. the u.s. office of scientific research and development (osrd) led a far-ranging research effort to develop technologies and medical treatments that not only helped win the war, but also transformed civilian life. scholars and policymakers have appealed to the wartime approach as a template for other problems, typically focusing on the manhattan project, but overlooking the broader osrd effort of which atomic fission and dozens of other programs were a part. in this paper we bring osrd into focus, describe how it worked, and explore what insights its experience offers today. we argue that several aspects of osrd continue to be relevant, especially in crises, while also cautioning on the limits to generalizing from world war ii to other settings. 10. title: a multi-level perspective of potential transition pathways towards cultured meat: finnish and german political stakeholder perceptions authors: jana moritz, maria mcpartlin, hanna l. tuomisto, toni ryyn�nen abstract: cellular agriculture and its products, such as cultured meat, are suggested to have the potential to advance the sustainability of current food systems. instead of engaging in current debates concerning the anticipated benefits and challenges of cellular agriculture, it is more useful to identify potential pathways leading to food system transitions. our study aims to compare finnish and german political stakeholders' (n = 25) perceptions concerning cultured meat and to analyse its potential transition pathways utilising the multi-level perspective (mlp). data were collected via semi-structured theme interviews in early 2020. results show that the participants acknowledge that landscape-level pressures, such as climate change or finite resources, are challenging current food systems. the food regime's position is perceived as somewhat uncertain. the current practices of livestock agriculture, strong food traditions and multiple interest groups' aspirations are anticipated to both hinder and advance a transition to cellular agriculture. on the niche innovation level, cultured meat was perceived as a promising yet technocratic solution. cultured meat may be an option for continued meat consumption without feelings of guilt but with preconditions such as guaranteed safety, affordable prices and an authentic meat taste similar or better compared with conventionally produced meat. our article concludes with three potential transition pathways for cellular agriculture. the �technocratic stagnation� pathway is characterised by perceived threats and stakeholder unwillingness to accept cultured meat. the �promising circumstances� pathway is emphasised by positive societal conditions for cultured meat development and stakeholders' incremental adaptation to it as an additional food product on the market. the �rapid advancement� pathway is characterised by technological breakthroughs and high acceptance of cultured meat, which could lead to radical changes in the current food system. 11. title: explaining technical change and its impacts over the very long term: the case of the atlantic sardine fishery in france from 1900 to 2017 authors: pascal le floc'h, mathieu merz�r�aud, jennifer beckensteiner, fr�d�rique alban, ... james wilson abstract: as an industry based upon the harvesting of wild resources, the fishery is often used in economics to showcase the effects of its specific nature on human behavior and the impacts of that behavior on the fish stock itself. the common-pool status usually encountered in the use of these resources makes them especially vulnerable to major shifts in the supporting ecosystems, but also to rapid technical change. in most other parts of the economy, technical change and the creative destruction that it brings along are viewed positively, and even given central role in recent theories of growth. happily for the creatures of the ocean that are hunted, fishers do not fit the mould of schumpetarian entrepreneurs bent on creative destruction. however, the technology that does drift onto boats has had concerning effects on the status of fish stocks with important economic and cultural consequences. we present a narrative of the french sardine fishery using the evolutionary theory of technical change. the wild binary segmentation approach was applied on a time-series of french sardine landings from 1900 to 2017. this analysis revealed three significant production change points associated with important technical changes in the fishery. the first change point, in 1927, is related to the introduction of the purse-seine in france. the introduction of the mid-water trawl is the second change point in the early 1970s. a third change point occurred in 1998, where we see a reswitch from mid-water trawl to purse-seine. collectively, these results highlight the technological changes in sardine production that occurred, but more importantly, the impacts of these changes both on the structure of the population of sardines, and on the industry. the lesson we derive from this case study is that technical change should be considered as a succession of shifts rather than a unidirectional history. 12. title: early-career academic engagement in university�industry collaborative phds: research orientation and project performance authors: quentin plantec, benjamin cabanes, pascal le masson, benoit weil abstract: academic engagement with industry is a well-researched topic. however, research has focused on scholars in traditional university departments, overlooking more hybrid research contexts such as the growing trend of phd students and their supervisors engaging in collaborative research projects with industry during their training. to address this gap, this study explores the early-career academic engagement of phd students in university-industry collaborative research projects. it particularly focuses on research orientation and its association with scientific and inventive yield. drawing on stokes' (1997) framework, the study investigates the extent to which the research orientation (basic research, applied research, and user-inspired fundamental research) is associated with scientific and inventive yield. the study is based on a review of 631 collaborative phd projects with industry completed in france in 2018 through a national programme (cifre). it finds that the three research orientations are associated with different levels of scientific and inventive yields. while basic research is the most common orientation across the sample, the rarest, user-inspired fundamental research, is associated with the highest scientific and inventive yield. moreover, the study highlights the critical role of phd students' taste for science or industry (and the potential change in this taste during the project) in the association between research orientation and projects' yields. overall, this study sheds light on an understudied area of academic engagement and highlights the significance of considering research orientation and students' taste for science or industry when developing university-industry collaborations. this has implications for phd supervisors, phd students, their industrial partners, and policymakers. 13. title: linking embeddedness to physical career mobility: how brexit affected the preference of business, economics and management academics for leaving the uk authors: chris brewster, rita fontinha, washika haak-saheem, fabio lamperti, james walker abstract: in this study, we use embeddedness and boundaryless career perspectives to investigate the extent to which britain's withdrawal from the european union (�brexit�) led business, economics and management academics to consider emigrating. using a representative survey of two partially overlapping groups, we find that the impact of brexit was surprisingly broad and nuanced. in particular, individuals who were born in the uk, but had obtained citizenship of another country, and foreign-born academics who obtained uk citizenship prior to the brexit referendum have considered leaving the country, implying a broad discontent from mobile and less embedded individuals. surprisingly, we did not find that the reputation of the institution where participants work, or differences in levels of academic seniority, influenced whether they were considering emigrating. more productive researchers are more likely to have considered emigrating, suggesting that brexit may lead to a �hollowing out� of uk research in the long term. however, personal circumstances, such as having children, or length of tenure, also entered into scholars' intention to emigrate. the results imply that managers should act to address the potential losses, and policy makers need to support the higher education sector, to ensure its sustainable competitive performance. 14. title: measuring follow-on innovation authors: janet freilich, sepehr shahshahani abstract: how patents affect follow-on innovation is a key question for the patent system. we disaggregate follow-on innovation into activities that infringe patents and others that do not infringe but can be indirectly affected by patents. replicating an important study using our disaggregated measure, we find that 87 percent of follow-on scientific publications describing patented genes do not constitute patent infringement. supplementing our empirical strategy with data on patent expiration dates, we find that gene patents which are not close to expiration cause an increase in noninfringing follow-on research, but the effect disappears for patents close to expiration. our nuanced measure helps better identify the mechanisms of patents� effect, reconcile disparate results in the literature, and evaluate policy reform. 15. title: the policy implications of economic complexity authors: c�sar a. hidalgo abstract: in recent years economic complexity has grown into an active field of fundamental and applied research. yet, despite important advances, the policy implications of economic complexity can remain unclear or misunderstood. here i organize the policy implications of economic complexity in a framework grounded on 4 ws: what approaches, focused on identifying target activities and/or locations; when approaches, focused on the timing of related and unrelated diversification; where approaches, focused on the geographic diffusion of knowledge; and who approaches, focused on the role played by agents of structural change. the goal of this paper is to provide a framework that groups, organizes, and clarifies the policy implications of economic complexity and facilitates its continued use in regional and international development. 16. title: first-mover advantage and the private value of public science authors: ashish arora, sharon belenzon, bernardo dionisi abstract: technical progress increasingly relies on the use of scientific knowledge. but if much of this knowledge is in the public domain, can it be a source of private value? we find that average private returns to using public science are small, especially in crowded technical fields. this is consistent with the view that the expected profit from an input that competitors can easily access is low. however, private value is higher when a firm is the first to use science, partly because it can secure broader patents relative to later users. corporate participation in scientific research is a strong predictor of first use, consistent with the view that participation in science raises familiarity with relevant scientific advances. 17. title: exploring the effect of overlapping institutional applications on panel decision-making authors: cornelia lawson, ammon salter abstract: the assessing of a pool of competing projects is a challenging task for scientific panels at funding agencies. using large-scale and rich data from a broad set of panels from the uk's largest research council, we explore whether scientific panels treat overlapping applications from the same institution in a selection round differently. building on previous research that suggested that panels may favour institutional diversity in funding outcomes, we find that applications at the margin of the funding decision are less likely to be funded when an application from the same institution is also funded. however, we find little evidence of welfare losses associated with this outcome. the implications of these findings for understanding the role of panels in shaping of scientific funding are also examined. 18. title: minding the communications gap: how can universities signal the availability and value of their scientific knowledge to commercial organizations? authors: shukhrat nasirov, amol m. joshi abstract: we posit that a communications gap exists between universities and commercial organizations, attributed to their idiosyncratic goals, interests, and incentives. to bridge this gap, universities need to recognize and leverage observable differences in the strength of signals and the width of channels used to disseminate their scientific knowledge externally. we explore these ideas by analyzing knowledge dissemination and academic engagement activities in 133 uk universities in the period 2011�2019. our analysis shows that universities with a lower scientific impact have a higher intensity of collaborative research, contract research, and consultancy activities if they communicate that impact through more prominent scientific outlets. in turn, universities with a higher scientific impact have a lower intensity of interaction with commercial organizations if they communicate their scientific impact through less prominent scientific outlets. we further reveal that universities with a higher economic impact show a higher intensity of collaborative research. at the same time, we find no evidence that the social impact generated by universities is linked to the intensity of university-industry interaction, no matter the channels through which that impact is communicated. using these findings, we draw implications for practice and policy. 19. title: closing the gender gap in academia? evidence from an affirmative action program authors: mario fernandes, simon hilber, jan-egbert sturm, andreas walter abstract: this study investigates a unique incentive-based affirmative action program in germany�s academic labor market. by analyzing a sample of business administration professors, we document that the probability that a newly tenured professor is female increases at universities that participate in this government program compared to universities that do not. by delving deeper into the mechanisms of the program, we show that program universities lowered the entry barrier for tenured professorships regarding publication records for new female professors. while favoring women, we show that the program had no harmful effects on male professors regarding the entry barrier to tenured professorships. overall, we provide evidence of the effectiveness of financial incentives as a means of reducing female underrepresentation in academic labor markets. !"$,/1235>��ʸʦʸ��tl_qc6qhj�5�ojqj^jo(h{ph{p5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h�]5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h{ph{p5�cjojqj^jaj#hwr�hwr�5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj 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