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volume 83, issue 2, march/april 2023
1. title: explaining why the computer says no: algorithmic transparency affects the perceived trustworthiness of automated decision-making
authors: stephan grimmelikhuijsen
abstract: algorithms based on artificial intelligence technologies are slowly transforming street-level bureaucracies, yet a lack of algorithmic transparency may jeopardize citizen trust. based on procedural fairness theory, this article hypothesizes that two core elements of algorithmic transparency (accessibility and explainability) are crucial to strengthening the perceived trustworthiness of street-level decision-making. this is tested in one experimental scenario with low discretion (a denied visa application) and one scenario with high discretion (a suspicion of welfare fraud). the results show that: (1) explainability has a more pronounced effect on trust than the accessibility of the algorithm; (2) the effect of algorithmic transparency not only pertains to trust in the algorithm itself but also�partially�to trust in the human decision-maker; (3) the effects of algorithmic transparency are not robust across decision context. these findings imply that transparency-as-accessibility is insufficient to foster citizen trust. algorithmic explainability must be addressed to maintain and foster trustworthiness algorithmic decision-making.
2. title: �just like i thought�: street-level bureaucrats trust ai recommendations if they confirm their professional judgment
authors: friso selten, marcel robeer, stephan grimmelikhuijsen
abstract: artificial intelligence is increasingly used to support and improve street-level decision-making, but empirical evidence on how street-level bureaucrats' work is affected by ai technologies is scarce. we investigate how ai recommendations affect street-level bureaucrats' decision-making and if explainable ai increases trust in such recommendations. we experimentally tested a realistic mock predictive policing system in a sample of dutch police officers using a 2 � 2 factorial design. we found that police officers trust and follow ai recommendations that are congruent with their intuitive professional judgment. we found no effect of explanations on trust in ai recommendations. we conclude that police officers do not blindly trust ai technologies, but follow ai recommendations that confirm what they already thought. this highlights the potential of street-level discretion in correcting faulty ai recommendations on the one hand, but, on the other hand, poses serious limits to the hope that fair ai systems can correct human biases.
3. title: trust in public performance information: the effect of data accessibility and data source
authors: lisa schmidthuber, jurgen willems, bernhard krabina
abstract: building on transparency literature, we theorize that information characteristics such as accessibility of raw data and data source provision influence citizens' trust in public performance information. next to the question of whether providing a data source matters, we argue that information provision from a non-government actor can compensate for the information asymmetry between citizens and public sector organizations due to a stronger symmetric data exchange relationship. integrating and elaborating these theoretical assumptions of principal-agent theory with bureaucratic reputation theory, the organization's reputation, rather than the stakeholder group the information provider is belonging to, may explain varying trust. we conduct eight online experiments in large-n data collections in austria and germany and find that data accessibility and source provision increase trust in performance information. whereas citizens have more trust in government-provided data compared to data provided by other citizens, source reputation matters dominantly for building trust in performance information.
4. title: the ontology, origin, and impact of divisive public sector rules: a meta-narrative review of the red tape and administrative burden literatures
authors: jesse w. campbell, sanjay k. pandey, lars arnesen
abstract: a rule is divisive when its legitimacy is contested and divisive rules are an enduring theme of public administration research. for over three decades, this research has been shaped by red tape theory, which conceptualizes divisive rules as those which consume an organization's resources but fail to advance its goals. recently, however, the administrative burden framework, which prioritizes the impact of divisive rules on citizens and links their origins to political motives, has grown in popularity. we take stock of the last decade of research on red tape and administrative burden using the meta-narrative review methodology. we identify five narratives within the two research traditions and discuss their distinct research questions, theoretical mechanisms, privileged actors, and rule assumptions, as well as their strengths, limitations, and practical implications. these insights are leveraged to analyze the origins, impact, and ontology of divisive public sector rules. we also raise research questions with cross-cutting relevance to the red tape and administrative burden research traditions.
5. title: social equity in the data era: a systematic literature review of data-driven public service research
authors: erna ruijer, gregory porumbescu, rebecca porter, suzanne piotrowski
abstract: governments increasingly rely on large amounts of data to deliver public services. in response, there is a robust discussion about the implications of this trend for efficiency and economy, but much less attention is paid to social equity. to address this issue, our study synthesizes cross-disciplinary research on the relationship between data-driven public services and social equity. based on a systematic literature review of 190 articles covering a decade of research, we demonstrate how public sector data applications relate to social equity in terms of access to services, treatment, service quality, and outcomes. our review identifies key mechanisms related to data collection, storage, analysis, and usage that need to be addressed to ensure more equitable data-driven public services. this review contributes to public administration research and practice by highlighting the complexities of social equity in the data era.
6. title: justice in black and brown: the impact of political control and representative bureaucracy on street level outcomes
authors: william t. jackson, milena i. neshkova, kenneth j. meier
abstract: this study tests the explanatory power of two prominent public administration theories�political control and representative bureaucracy�in understanding disparities in public service provision. while prior research focused on street-level bureaucracy, we study here how political and group identities of top elected law enforcement officials affect the distribution of youth arrests, alternatives, and prosecutions among minority groups. data from florida's 67 counties between 2015 and 2020 demonstrate that sheriff's and state attorney's party affiliation, race, and ethnicity do affect street-level outcomes. however, the effects are more pronounced for race than ideology. also, representative bureaucracy appears more relevant for race than ethnicity and explains the behavior of black sheriffs but not black state attorneys.
7. title: does revenue-motivated policing alter who receives traffic citations? evidence from driver race and income in indiana
authors: si�n mughan, akheil singla
abstract: revenue-motivated policing is a common explanation for law enforcement behavior. this means in times of fiscal stress police alter their behavior to increase the financial returns to their actions. but does variation in the institutional features of local governments lead to variation in law enforcement behavior? using a plausibly exogenous measure of revenue need, this research explores how fiscal institutions that determine a local government's ability to retain ticketing revenue interact with revenue need to affect the number of tickets issued and the type of driver ticketed. there are four major findings. first, revenue-motivated policing only occurs when local governments retain the revenues from ticketing. second, in the context of revenue retention and high revenue need, wealthier drivers are more likely to receive tickets. third, these effects are particularly pronounced among white drivers. finally, revenue-motives extend beyond law enforcement by altering judicial decision-making. when general purpose governments do not retain ticketing revenues from law enforcement action, there is little evidence of revenue-motivated policing. municipal courts play a vital role in revenue-motivated policing by determining the distribution of ticketing revenues. when a municipality has an increased need for additional revenue, judges pursue unpaid ticketing debts more aggressively. judicial behavior is thus affected by the same fiscal pressures that lead police to engage in revenue-motivated policing. increased revenue need leads police to target drivers who are not typically the subject of enforcement actions: wealthier, white drivers. we find no such effect for black drivers. policies altering revenue retention are a promising way to reduce revenue-motivated policing. but reducing revenue-motivated policing might not improve outcomes for black drivers.
8. title: the effect of administrative burden on state safety-net participation: evidence from food assistance, cash assistance, and medicaid
authors: ashley fox, wenhui feng, megan reynolds
abstract: administrative burden in social welfare programs is increasingly recognized as a barrier to eligible individuals' access to their legally entitled benefits. using composite indices of administrative rules for three major safety-net programs (temporary assistance to needy families, supplemental nutrition assistance program, and medicaid) that vary in the degree and type of costs conferred on claimants across states between 2000 and 2016, we examine the effect of rule burden on program participation using two-way fixed effects models. we find that each program contained numerous rules that confer a high degree of learning and compliance costs, and psychological costs to a lesser extent, though to varying degrees. reducing costs associated with burdensome administrative rules was associated with higher program inclusivity across the programs, with relaxing some rules contributing more than others. rules that automate enrollment/renewal, link eligibility with other programs and reduce asset tests seem especially promising. easing burdensome administrative rules can increase access to services to which claimants are legally entitled.
9. title: health in citizen-state interactions: how physical and mental health problems shape experiences of administrative burden and reduce take-up
authors: elizabeth bell, julian christensen, pamela herd, donald moynihan
abstract: public services represent a key means by which societies seek to reduce inequalities. however, some people may experience administrative procedures as more burdensome than others, creating inequality within programs intended to be equity-enhancing. prior work has found human capital (e.g., education and conditions like scarcity) to affect burden and take-up. we build on this by examining the role of health in the form of attention disorders, pain, anxiety, and depression in the context of tax reporting in denmark and college financial aid in oklahoma, usa. across cases, attention disorders and pain are associated with more burdensome experiences and in the financial aid case, they are associated with reduced take-up as well. individuals suffering from multiple health problems have the most negative experiences and lowest take-up. the results suggest that extra support may be needed for people suffering from health problems in order to reduce inequities in experiences and outcomes.
10. title: libert�, �galit�, cr�dibilit�: an experimental study of citizens' perceptions of government responses to covid-19 in eight countries
authors: anna a. amirkhanyan, kenneth j. meier, miyeon song, fei w. roberts, joohyung park, dominik vogel, nicola bell�, angel luis molina jr., thorbj�rn sejr guul
abstract: during a global pandemic, individual views of government can be linked to citizens' trust and cooperation with government and their propensity to resist state policies or to take action that influences the course of a pandemic. this article explores citizens' assessments of government responses to covid-19 as a function of policy substance (restrictions on civil liberties), information about performance, and socioeconomic inequity in outcomes. we conducted a survey experiment and analyzed data on over 7000 respondents from eight democratic countries. we find that across countries, citizens are less favorable toward covid-19 policies that are more restrictive of civil liberties. additionally, citizens' views of government performance are significantly influenced by objective performance information from reputable sources and information on the disproportionate impacts of covid-19 on low-income groups. this study reinforces the importance of policy design and outcomes and the consideration of multiple public values in the implementation of public policies.
11. title: varieties of welfare markets from a street-level perspective: comparing long-term care services in germany and israel
authors: nissim cohen, tanja klenk, maayan davidovitz, sarah cardaun
abstract: how does the marketization of social service provision impact the practices of street-level bureaucrats (slbs) towards their clients? to explore this question, we compare the markets for ambulatory long-term care for the elderly in germany and israel, which differ in the latitude of choice offered to clients and the intensity of state regulation. based on 52 qualitative interviews with slbs and managers of care providers, our study shows that in both countries, institutional contexts play a significant role in shaping street-level bureaucracy practices. we found that slbs and managers in israel engage in entrepreneurial behavior, whereas their german counterparts adopt administrative practices. by identifying these tendencies as responses to the respective welfare market characteristics, the article makes an important contribution to the field of comparative slb research and furthers our understanding of the broader implications of the marketization of welfare services.
12. title: high time for a higher-level look at high-technology: plotting a course for managing government information in an age of governance
authors: patrick c. exmeyer, jeremy l. hall
abstract: for years, scholarly interest in the intersection of government and technology has overwhelmingly focused on the end-product of technology capabilities. recent advancements in computational power have facilitated breathtaking growth of data analytics, artificial intelligence (ai), and process automation, sparking considerable attention by scholars and practitioners alike. however, insight concerning the technology hardware assets powering emergent applications in the public sector remains glaringly absent amidst this rapidly expanding area of research. we position that gaining a greater understanding of the scope of technology utility in governance requires exploration of not only the applications or interfaces produced by technology hardware, but rather the aim of promoting both modernity and processing capacity of the hardware driving technology in government.
13. title: mind the gap: strategies from california on navigating access to public hearings
authors: dominika bukalova, elizabeth maland
abstract: public hearings play a critical role in u.s. local government. the evolution of public access to local government hearings and its related challenges have not been documented in a systematic way to encourage research and collaborative scholarship between practitioners and scholars. this article seeks to begin the dialogue by offering seven strategies for navigating access to public hearings in local government. in recent years, local governments have faced increasing pressure to keep pace with evolving technologies while balancing competing budget priorities and assuming a growing role in addressing policy issues that were previously the focus of state and national governments. the covid-19 pandemic context has presented further complexity. left unaddressed, these challenges contribute to a widening gap between what is administratively sustainable versus politically acceptable. the strategies suggested address current challenges, attempt to bridge the gap between what is administratively sustainable and politically acceptable, and propose avenues for further study.
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14. title: the hidden tier of social services. frontline workers' provision of informal resources in the public, nonprofit and private sectors by einat lavee, cambridge: cambridge university press. 2021. pp. 74. (including index), $22 (paperback). isbn: 9781009101370
authors: jos raadschelders
abstract: the article reviews the book �the hidden tier of social services: frontline workers' provision of informal resources in the public, nonprofit, and private sectors� by einat lavee.
15. title: cops, teachers, and counselors, stories from the front lines of public service � 2nd edition, new and expanded. by steven maynard-moody, michael musheno, the university of michigan press. 2022. pp. 280. paperback (u$29,95) and hardcover (u$80)
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abstract: the article reviews the book �cops, teachers, counselors: stories from the front lines of public service� by steven williams maynard-moody and michael craig musheno.
16. title: sum of us: what racism costs everyone and how we can prosper together by heather mcghee, new york: one world random house. 2021. pp. 448. hardcover $28.00. isbn: 9780525509561
authors: ann m. gallagher
abstract: the article reviews the book �sum of us: what racism costs everyone and how we can prosper together� by heather mcghee and random house audio.
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