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volume 59, issue 9, july 2022
1. title: urban paradox and the rise of the neoliberal city: case study of lagos, nigeria
authors: oluwafemi olajide, taibat lawanson
abstract: in a bid to actualise the vision of transforming lagos into africa�s model megacity and global economic and financial hub, the state government has embarked on and/or supported various urban development projects. drawing on the theoretical underpinnings of neoliberalism, we argue that governance practices in lagos are transforming the city in a manner that is paradoxical to the intents of the city�s development plan. this paper, therefore, explores how government practices have shaped the city, and the socio-spatial consequences of the recent lagos state government-supported developments. of interest are projects from the lagos state development plan (2012�2025) which have resulted in significant spatial displacements � hence the selected case studies of lekki free trade zone and badia-east housing estate. the study reveals that the lagos state development policy results in creative destruction largely due to the uncritical embrace of market logic over social logic, thereby entrenching urban discontent and socio-spatial fragmentation across the city.
2. title: not diverse enough? displacement, diversity discourse, and commercial gentrification in santa ana, california, a majority-mexican city
authors: carolina sarmiento
abstract: this research investigates how diversity discourse unfolds as part of commercial gentrification when public and private growth actors call for increased diversity in a city that is majority latinx in the united states. my argument is twofold: first, commercial gentrification is itself a racialised project to manage diversity; second, the discourse around diversity foments spatial strategies used by both state and private actors that dislocate immigrant communities and economies. this in-depth case study using santa ana, california, provides a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between diversity and commercial gentrification in a majority mexican immigrant city. the research finds that, as diversity discourse promotes liberal colourblind practices within a majority latinx city, it also contributes to distributing resources along racial lines. diversity discourse presented a liberal and inclusive form of gentrification while also providing a justification for the displacement of immigrant-serving businesses by positioning them as exclusionary or backward. the dislocation or erasure of immigrant-serving businesses occurred through spatial strategies backed by the state to make new property available in the downtown commercial area. removal was not only physical but also occurred through assimilation, wherein businesses �adapted� to survive. planning and development actors in this case failed to recognise the value of cultural and economic community networks while also diverting attention and resources away from immigrant-serving businesses. the case provides unique insight into the multiplicity of economic and political interests in a latinx-majority place.
3. title: arab integration in new and established mixed cities in israel
authors: ahmed baker diab, ilan shdema, izhak schnell
abstract: the segregation or integration of minority groups is a core issue in contemporary urban fabrics. the literature tends to highlight the difference between ethnic groups while diversity within them receives less attention. this study addresses such differences by looking at arab residents of ethnically mixed israeli cities. specifically, it highlights religious affiliation and community standing (in terms of being an old/new city) by comparing three arab subgroups: muslims and christians from haifa and christians from nof hagalil. uncovering these variations, we use schnell�s multidimensional model of segregation/integration relating to 12 dimensions of economic, social, cultural and emotional capitals. the study employed 222 questionnaires and gps loggers to track the respondents� daily movements. the results reflected different patterns of integration/segregation between the three communities, with haifa christians exhibiting wider and deeper integration compared with nof hagalil�s christian residents and haifa muslims. additionally, the high diversity within each group demonstrates the complexities of integration/segregation processes combining structural issues and personal choices.
4. title: land use disadvantages in germany: a matter of ethnic income inequalities?
authors: stefan j�nger
abstract: environmental hazards affect people from different income groups and migration backgrounds on different levels. the research on environmental inequalities and environmental justice has proposed several theories to explain such inequities; still, it remains unclear which of these theories applies to the german societal context. this research investigates whether individual-level income differences between germans and migrants account for objectively measured exposure to the environmental goods and bads of land use, specifically soil sealing and green spaces. marginal effects and predictions based on georeferenced survey data from the german general social survey reveal that germans with higher incomes live in areas with better neighbourhood quality. germans with lower incomes are exposed to fewer disadvantages stemming from land use, and there is no marginal difference between nonurban and urban municipalities. spatial assimilation in high-income groups occurs; however, the difference in low-income groups can be explained by place stratification and discrimination in the housing market. while this study uses more indirect and non-hazardous measures of environmental quality � in contrast to air pollution or noise � it provides evidence that such indicators also create distributional injustices in germany.
5. title: land financialisation, planning informalisation and gentrification as statecraft in antwerp
authors: callum ward
abstract: this article offers insight into the role of the state in land financialisation through a reading of urban hegemony. this offers the basis for a conjunctural analysis of the politics of planning within a context in which authoritarian neoliberalism is ascendant across europe. i explore this through the case of antwerp as it underwent a hegemonic shift in which the nationalist neoliberal party the new flemish alliance (nieuw-vlaamse alliantie; n-va) ended 70 years of socialist party rule and deregulated the city s technocratic planning system. however, this unbridling of the free market has led to the creation of high-margin investment products rather than suitable housing for the middle classes, raising concerns about the city�s gentrification strategy. the consequent, politicisation of the city�s planning system led to controversy over clientelism which threatened to undermine the n-va�s wider hegemonic project. in response, the city has sought to roll out a more formalised system of negotiated developer obligations, so embedding transactional, market-oriented informal governance networks at the centre of the planning system. this article highlights how the literature on land financialisation may incorporate conjunctural analysis, in the process situating recent trends towards the use of land value capture mechanisms within the contradictions and statecraft of contemporary neoliberal urbanism.
6. title: remembering the river: flood, memory and infrastructural ecologies of stormwater drainage in mumbai
authors: v. chitra
abstract: mumbai�s storm water drainage system is rapidly transforming as incidences of heavy rainfall rise. its transformation is built on the idea of conserving the city�s �rivers� that were lost to urban development. while this move to recuperate a heritage of rivers seems like a step in the right direction, mumbai�s drainage system was largely cobbled together over time through piecemeal interventions in an estuarine landscape. this article shows how by engineering a history of rivers, the city�s planning authorities set in motion an agenda to train the expansive estuarine and improvisational systems into governable riverine channels contained within the state�s developmental visions. it focuses on one major channel, the mithi, to show how the rationality of disaster preparedness, the emergent calculus of carrying capacities, as well as infrastructure are braided into constructed ecological histories to inscribe a new hydrological order on the city. for mumbai�s engineers, these changes introduce new scalar logics and alter the nature of the drainage assemblage. mithi�s transformation is emblematic of how articulations of nature, technology and urban development are emerging from the anxieties of climate change.
7. title: private ordering of public processes: how contracts structure participatory processes in urban development in amsterdam and hamburg
authors: everardus wilhelmus (michiel) stapper
abstract: the use of contracts to achieve public goals has been gaining traction since the 1980s. in this article, i investigate the implications of the increased use of private law instruments for participatory democracy. this study starts with problematising the notion of contracts and proposes a conceptual model to study contractual relations in participatory processes. next, through a detailed description of two case studies in amsterdam and hamburg, i show the consequences of contractual governance for participatory democracy in urban development. namely, the interests of commercial parties and government agencies are incorporated in contracts, whereas the interests of residents are incorporated in non-legal agreements.
this has four implications for our understanding of participatory democracy and urban politics. first, the arena of public decision making has shifted from public meetings to contractual negotiations. second, contracts are not set in stone. mobilisation by residents can influence, adjust and politicise agreements. however, third, residents need to be able to mobilise and negotiate. this creates new boundaries between residents who are able to make deals and those who are excluded. lastly, investigating how contracts transform urban politics should take a broad view on how contractual relations are formed and focus on both non-legal and contractual agreements.
8. title: urban scaling in rapidly urbanising china
authors: weiqian lei, limin jiao, gang xu, zhengzi zhou
abstract: understanding the scaling characteristics in china is critical for perceiving the development process of rapidly urbanising countries. this paper conducts a comprehensive scaling analysis with quantitative assessment of a large number of diverse urban indicators of 275 chinese cities. our findings confirm that urban scaling laws can also be applied to rapidly urbanising china but demonstrate some unique features echoing its distinct urbanisation. chinese urban population agglomeration results in more effective economic production but the economies of scale for infrastructure are less obvious. some urban indicators associated with infrastructure and living facilities surprisingly scale super-linearly with urban population size, contrary to expected sublinear scaling behaviours. in developing countries, different-sized cities have diverse agglomeration, industrial and resource allocation advantages, which can be reflected by scaling exponents. we characterise these unique features in detail, exploring the spatial disparities and temporal evolution of scaling exponents (�). strong regional variations and differences are particularly pronounced in northeast china and the beijing-tianjin-hebei urban agglomeration. scaling exponent variations over time reflect the temporal evolution of the urban system and measure the coordination and balance of urbanisation. economic output was most efficient in 2009 and � of gdp was slightly greater than 1.15 in recent years. urban land expansion has been accelerating since 2000 with � remaining around 0.85 0.90. the study of urban scaling in china is enlightening in elaborating the uniqueness and coordination of urban development in rapidly urbanising countries and provides support in formulating differentiated urban planning for different-sized cities to promote coordinated development.
9. title: quality of local government and social trust in european cities
authors: conrad ziller, hans-j�rgen andre�
abstract: communities are responsible for a range of public services and represent critical experiential contexts for social interactions between residents. however, the role of local governance and public service provision for creating social trust has received limited attention so far. this study examines how quality, efficiency and fairness of local public service provision relates to social trust. using multilevel models on repeated cross-sectional survey data from the quality of life in european cities project, we test the relationship between time-varying city-level indicators of quality of local government and social trust. the empirical results show that an increase in the dimension of local public service quality is substantially associated with an increase in social trust. we find improvements in sport and leisure facilities as well as the state of public spaces, streets and buildings to be particularly relevant.
10. title: the three tenures: a case of property maintenance
authors: geoff rose, richard harris
abstract: property maintenance affects health and safety, market values and neighbourhood dynamics. previous studies have indicated that owner-occupiers maintain their properties better than do absentee (non-resident) landlords. some evidence suggests that maintenance by resident landlords falls in between but no study has compared all three tenures. this study of the city of rochester, new york, utilises tax data for every residential property in the city in 2017, these being linked to records of building inspections, mostly pro-active. it indicates that code violations were highest for absentee-owned properties, lowest for the owner-occupied and intermediate for the properties of resident landlords. comparison of the two- and three-unit properties of resident landlords indicates the impact of pro-active inspections. maintenance by limited liability companies was about average for absentee-owned properties, but those handled by management companies were worse. longitudinal analysis of independent changes in the ownership and tenure of dwelling units, 2011�2017, indicates that observed differences in maintenance in 2017 were attributable to the incentives characteristic of each tenure, not to differences in personal preference among property owners. results underline the importance of pro-active inspections and the need for qualitative research to clarify the motivations of different types of landlords.
11. title: the gifted city: setting a research agenda for philanthropy and urban governance
authors: pablo fuentenebro, michele acuto
abstract: with billions worth of funding to city-based projects, urban dwellers and city leaders the world over, philanthropy is no small matter. it might shape the form, politics and direction of urban development worldwide, yet li
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