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��ࡱ�>�� np����m��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �r�lcbjbj�v�v2v�<�<>; ������������������8j4~�m4������� �fmhmhmhmhmhmhm$�n��q:lm������lm����4�m���������fm��fm��������0��y1����2m�m0�m��qj:�q��n/�q��jl��������lmlm�����m�������������������������������������������������������������������������q���������� �: research policy volume 40, issue 5, july 2011 1. title: entrepreneurs, jacks of all trades or hobos? authors: astebro, thomas; thompson, peter. abstract: suggests that entrepreneurs should be generalists, while those who work for others should be specialists. many prospective entrepreneurs will develop varied skills by engaging in a variety of employment activities prior to becoming an entrepreneur, and incomes are higher for those that do so. an alternative view predicts that those with greater taste for variety are more likely to become entrepreneurs. varied employment prior to becoming an entrepreneur is simply an expression of this taste, and is associated with lower earnings. data from a survey of 830 independent inventors and 300 individuals from the general population are used to discriminate between these two theories. the results show that inventor-entrepreneurs typically have a more varied labor market experience, and that varied work experience is associated with lower household income. 2. title: co-opetition between giants: collaboration with competitors for technological innovation. authors: gnyawali, devi r.; park, byung-jin (robert). abstract: we investigate why and how co-opetition (simultaneous pursuit of collaboration and competition) between large firms occurs, evolves, and impacts the participating firms and the industry. we develop a multi-level conceptual framework by combining literature-based conceptual arguments and insights from an in-depth study of an exemplar case of co-opetition between samsung electronics and sony corporation. our study demonstrates that co-opetition is challenging yet very helpful for firms to address major technological challenges, to create benefits for partnering firms, and to advance technological innovation. we also show that co-opetition between giants causes subsequent co-opetition among other firms and results in advanced technological development. moreover, co-opetition capabilities of firms play an important role in enhancing common benefits as well as in gaining proportionately larger share of the benefits. 3. title: the r&d-growth paradox arises in fast-growing sectors. authors: ejermo, olof; kander, astrid; svensson henning, martin. abstract: several notions of a r&d paradox can be found in the literature. in the swedish paradox version, the emphasis is normally on high and growing levels of business r&d connected to comparatively low gdp growth rates. this paper examines whether this pattern is consistent over time and, more importantly, which sectors drive the aggregate patterns. based on an investigation of the entire swedish economy 1985�2001, there is clear evidence that the paradox occurs only in fast-growing manufacturing and service sectors. fast-growing sectors show an increasing gap between r&d and value-added growth, while the slow-growing sectors do not. this paradox is not interpreted as a sign of failure of the national innovation system, as the largest gap would then be for the slow-growing sectors, failing to transform r&d to economic growth. the gap between r&d and gdp is consistent with the idea of diminishing marginal returns to r&d investment in high-investing sectors. the evidence does not rule out, however, that rendering the innovation system more effective could yield better outcomes. as the findings of a gap are quite consistent over time, it seems fair to conclude that businesses have good reasons for their high r&d investments, despite not being on par with their production growth. 4. title: competence-creating overlaps and subsidiary technological evolution in the multinational corporation. authors: kappen, philip. abstract: this paper explores overlapping competence-creating activities within the boundaries of the multinational corporation by investigating how foreign greenfield subsidiaries� technological evolution is affected by the addition of an acquired unit in the same location. drawing upon the complete u.s. patenting activity by subsidiaries of 21 swedish multinationals over the 1893�1990 period, we use repeated event history analysis to test a set of hypotheses concerned with the effect of this competence-creating overlap. findings include an initial retrogressive effect on greenfield subsidiaries� technological evolution as a result of competence-creating overlaps, which, over time diminishes to become positive after more than a decade of overlap exposure. thus, we add to the theory of subsidiary evolution by expanding the view of the archetypal subsidiary that has so far been constrained to evolve without operational overlaps. 5. title: when �national innovation system� meet �varieties of capitalism� arguments on labour qualifications: on the skill types and scientific knowledge needed for radical and incremental product innovations. authors: herrmann, andrea m.; peine, alexander. abstract: the literatures on �varieties of capitalism� (voc) and �national innovation systems� (nis) propose very similar arguments about how firms require different types of labour qualifications to pursue strategies of radical product innovation (rpi), incremental product innovation (ipi), and product imitation (pi) respectively. despite their similar lines of reasoning, however, the voc scholars are concerned with the skill profiles of a firm''s entire workforce, whereas the nis proponents focus on the knowledge base of scientists. given that both literatures have developed without explicitly taking the arguments of the neighbouring discipline into account, it is thus unclear whether they explain the same, or different, phenomena. furthermore, both literatures propose firm level arguments but test them on the basis of macro- rather than micro-level indicators. this paper therefore asks: first, does micro-level evidence support the voc and nis arguments that particular types of employee skills and knowledge backgrounds of scientists are needed for different competitive strategies? and, if so, do rpi, ipi, and pi firms need to employ scientists in combination with a workforce having the respective qualifications, or is it sufficient if scientists or employees alone are adequately qualified. quantitative analyses indicate that a particular mix of scientific knowledge combined with employee skills facilitate rpi, ipi, and pi strategies. the article thus concludes that � despite their similar reasoning � the voc and the nis literatures indeed describe different phenomena, without being aware of the synergies created whenever adequate employee and scientific qualifications are hired together. 6. title: reconceptualising the �policy mix� for innovation. authors: flanagan, kieron; uyarra, elvira; laranja, manuel. abstract: recent years have seen the emergence, take-up and use of the term �policy mix� by innovation policy makers and by policy analysts and scholars alike. imported from economic policy debates, the term implies a focus on the interactions and interdependencies between different policies as they affect the extent to which intended policy outcomes are achieved. however the meaning of the term remains ambiguous. nonetheless, we argue that the emergence of the �policy mix� concept into common use in the field of innovation policy studies provides us with a window of opportunity to reconsider some basic and often hidden assumptions in order to better deal with a messy and complex, multi-level, multi-actor reality. we draw upon a range of literatures to re-conceptualise the basic building blocks of innovation policy studies in order to arrive at a useful definition of �policy mix� tensions and interactions of different kinds across a series of dimensions. we suggest that this reconceptualisation has important implications for the future scope and focus of prescriptive and analytical innovation policy studies. 7. title: subsidy and networking: the effects of direct and indirect support programs of the cluster policy. authors: nishimura, junichi; okamuro, hiroyuki. abstract: industrial clusters have attracted considerable attention worldwide for their expected contribution to regional innovation. recently, policymakers in various countries have developed specific cluster policies. however, there exist few empirical studies on cluster policies. focusing on the industrial cluster project (icp) in japan initiated by the ministry of economy, trade and industry in 2001, we address two research questions on the support programs of the cluster policies: if the project participants who exploit various support programs are more successful in network formation within the cluster than others, and which kind of support program contributes to firm performance. we pay special attention to the differences between direct r&d support and indirect networking/coordination support. the estimation results, which are based on recent original survey data, suggest that cluster participants who exploit support programs (especially indirect support measures) expand the industry-university-government network after participating in the icp. moreover, we find that not every support program contributes to firm performance; firms should therefore select the program that is most aligned with their aims. indirect support programs have an extensive and strong impact on output whereas direct r&d support has only a weak effect. 8. title: determinants of r&d cooperation in japanese start-ups. authors: okamuro, hiroyuki; kato, masatoshi; honjo, yuji. abstract: this paper explores the determinants of r&d cooperation in japanese start-ups. using a sample from an original survey conducted in 2008, we examine the effects of founder-, firm-, and industry-specific characteristics on r&d cooperation by type of partners. our findings indicate that founder-specific characteristics such as educational background, prior innovation output, and affiliation to academic associations are fairly important in determining r&d cooperation with academic institutes (universities and public research institutes). we also provide evidence that founders� prior innovation output and work experience have positive and significant effects on r&d cooperation with business partners. with respect to firm-specific characteristics, it is found that firms investing more in r&d tend to engage in r&d cooperation, regardless of the type of partners. furthermore, it is found that independent firms are less likely to cooperate in r&d with academic institutes than subsidiaries and affiliated firms. 9. title: innovation capacity and innovation development in small enterprises. a comparison between the manufacturing and service sectors. authors: forsman, helena. abstract: this paper explores what kinds of innovations have been developed in small manufacturing and service enterprises and what has been the degree of innovation capacity that small enterprises possess. in addition, it compares what differences there are across the manufacturing and service sectors. the empirical evidence is based on quantitative data gathered through an email questionnaire which yielded 708 qualified responses from the representatives of finnish small enterprises with fewer than 50 employees. the analysis is based on descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests. the evidence displays a rich diversity of innovation patterns in small enterprises. the empirical evidence demonstrates only slight differences between the manufacturing and service industries while it indicates significant differences across the sectors within these industries. the value of the present study lies in the better understanding of innovation development in small enterprises. the rich diversity of innovation patterns in small enterprises suggests that diversity should also direct the policies aiming at supporting innovation development in the context of small business. finally, applying these results will provide more specific questions for studying the nature of innovation development in small enterprises. 10. title: establishment of higher education institutions and new firm entry. authors: baptista, rui; lima, francisco; mendon�a, joana. abstract: the presence of universities has generally been associated with technological entrepreneurship. but what is the real impact of new universities on the levels of firm creation in a region? the present paper uses policy evaluation methodologies and longitudinal data on the establishment of higher education institutions in portuguese municipalities for the period 1992�2002 to examine its effect on entry rates of new firms in different sectors. we find that the establishment of a new university has a positive and significant effect on subsequent levels of knowledge based firm entry in municipalities, and a negative effect on the levels of entry in other sectors, such as low-tech manufacturing. 11. title: opening the black box: the adoption of innovations in the voluntary sector�the case of indonesian civil society organisations. authors: nugroho, yanuar. abstract: despite the considerable attention paid to research into the adoption of technological innovations in the public and private sectors, little attention has been paid to such research in organisations within the voluntary or third sector. as a result, many things remain unknown: the patterns of uptake and adoption in the voluntary sector; the process of the transformation, both within the organisations and in the implementation of the innovation; and the implications of such uptake. this paper attempts to address these problems by focusing on civil society organisations (csos) as a subset of groups within the voluntary sector. at a theoretical level, this research is concerned with the diffusion of innovation and its effects on the practice of social movements in general, and of csos in particular. using the experiences of csos in indonesia, as a latecomer economy, these concerns are explored through the analysis of two related empirical issues: (i) the links between innovation and organisational performance and (ii) the construction of innovation diffusion and impacts in organisations that define those links. 12. title: changing the view of wind power development: more than �bricolage�. authors: hendry, chris; harborne, paul. abstract: understanding innovation depends at root on good qualitative descriptions. this paper re-assesses the role of �bricolage�, and the extent of science-based r&d and experience-based learning, in the development of the danish wind turbine system. it argues that the competition between these two opposed frames of reference was never conclusively settled, but involved a reassertion of science-based r&d, which was ultimately decisive for long-term success. this adds a dimension to the received account by showing the persistence of contested collective frames of reference as a driving force across the technology life cycle. at the same time, a more nuanced account of these two learning processes enhances theorisation of the innovation process by showing a learning sequence and interplay of modes that is diametrically at odds with the conventional stylised model of the experience curve.     !"$( 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