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y�2���������m�m0n��r�r�r���0�r�r$��j����������m�m5p���n�������������������������������������������������������������������������r���������"qs: journal of public administration research and theory
volume 32, issue 3, july 2022
1. title: acres for the affluent: an interactive model of nonprofit resources and demand heterogeneity
authors: zuhlke samantha
abstract: according to the theory of government failure, nonprofit organizations emerge when governments fail to provide goods or services to a public with heterogeneous demands. this study approaches this fundamental theory of the nonprofit sector from a pluralist political viewpoint, marrying the theory of government failure to resource-driven nonprofit arguments via updated modeling and measurement strategies. this article proposes a new, conditional demand heterogeneity hypothesis, wherein the effect of demand heterogeneity on the nonprofit sector increases in the presence of increasing resources: nonprofit service delivery is most likely when those experiencing government failure have access to resources. this article is the first to test supply and demand nonprofit arguments in tandem using an interactive modeling specification and the first to operationalize demand heterogeneity using policy-based measures. i employ a finite distributed lag model with an interactive term in a time series, cross-sectional analysis of public and nonprofit land conservation in the united states. i find that nonprofit land conservation increases when citizens express greater environmental concern but only in the presence of increasing disposable income. examining nonprofit theory within the context of land conservation provides a comparable measure of government and nonprofit service provision, controls for the nature of the good provided by these institutions, and allows for a policy-driven measure of demand heterogeneity, improving upon previous studies' employment of diversity-based proxy measures. the results advance our understanding of how to test and measure demand heterogeneity nonprofit arguments and suggest that access to resources conditions which interests find expression in nonprofit organizations.
2. title: reducing burnout and resignations among frontline workers: a field experiment
authors: linos elizabeth, ruffini krista and wilcoxen stephanie
abstract: government agencies around the world struggle to retain frontline workers, as high job demands and low job resources contribute to persistently high rates of employee burnout. although four decades of research have documented the predictors and potential costs of frontline worker burnout, we have limited causal evidence on strategies that reduce it. in this article, we report on a multicity field experiment (n = 536) aimed at increasing perceived social support and affirming belonging among 911 dispatchers. we find that a 6-week intervention that prompts dispatchers to share advice anonymously and asynchronously with their peers in other cities reduces burnout by 8 points (0.4 standard deviations) and cuts resignations by more than half (3.4 percentage points) 4 months after the intervention ended. we provide supporting evidence that the intervention operates by increasing perceived social support and belonging in an online laboratory experiment (n = 497). these findings suggest that low-cost belonging affirmation techniques can reduce frontline worker burnout and help agencies retain workers, saving a mid-sized city at least $400,000 in personnel costs.
3. title: sexual orientation and organizational justice in the federal service: exploring differences through an intersectional lens
authors: lewis gregory b and emidy m blake
abstract: lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (lgbt) employees perceive less justice in the federal service than do their heterosexual colleagues. the "double jeopardy" hypothesis suggests that this will be especially true for lgbts with a second stigmatized identity, but intersectionality theory is less clear about whether being lgbt will have a larger impact on other marginalized groups than on gay white men. using a series of regression analyses applied to the 2012�15 federal employee viewpoint survey, we investigate whether differences in organizational justice perceptions between lgbt and heterosexual employees are wider among people with other stigmatized identities. we find strong evidence of compounding effects: lgbt�heterosexual differences in perceptions of organizational justice are larger for women than for men, for people of color than for whites, for employees with than without disabilities, and for those earlier in their careers and at lower levels of the federal hierarchy. anti-lgbt discrimination disproportionately affects lgbts in weaker positions in society and the federal service. these findings contribute to the broader fields of public administration and diversity management by incorporating an intersectional framework to understand lgbt perceptions and experiences in public organizations.
4. title: why are counterfactual assessment methods not widespread in outcome-based contracts? a formal model approach
authors: lazzarini sergio g, cabral sandro, firpo sergio and teodorovicz thomaz
abstract: counterfactual assessment techniques involving treated and control groups, such as randomized control trials, might be used in outcome-based contracts to avoid rewarding or sanctioning service providers for social outcomes that they did not cause. however, few outcome-based contracts adopt payment rules based on counterfactual assessment techniques. potential explanations are that these techniques are complex and involve substantial transaction costs. in this paper, we develop a theoretical formal model that integrates the literatures of incentives and policy evaluation to propose the following alternative explanation: counterfactual techniques may lead to counterproductive incentive effects if they reduce the likelihood of payment even if project managers exert sufficient effort to promote the expected interventions. our model shows that counterfactual assessment may undermine effort when the number of treated subjects is small and there is limited investment per treated subject. our formal model also suggests that the increased experience of the contract sponsors may inhibit the adoption of counterfactual assessment. simulations and descriptive evidence from a unique database of 350 outcome-based contracts designed or initiated throughout the world and from linear probability models are aligned with our predictions. by offering additional explanations on why counterfactual assessment methods are not widespread in outcome-based contracts and by identifying the boundary conditions under which these methods are used in incentive contracts, this work informs the literature on cross-sector outcome-based contracts and illustrates the use of formal models to develop novel theories in public administration.
5. title: vacancy chain model of local managers' career advancement
authors: yi hongtao and chen catherine
abstract: local public managers are mobile in their career trajectories. while the extant public administration literature has predominantly examined this topic from a leadership turnover perspective, few studies have approached the career trajectories of local managers from a holistic, system-level angle. this article draws upon the vacancy chain literature and frames local managers' interconnected career trajectories within a nationwide professional job market, which we term "leadership turnover chains." we examine factors influencing the formation of such leadership turnover chains among cities. with a dataset containing information from the resumes of 517 us local managers across 28 years, we employ panel dyadic logistic regressions to analyze the leadership turnover chains among cities. our findings suggest that managers are more likely to move among dyads of cities that are geographically close and with similar levels of economic prosperity, population size, racial diversity, and political climate. a promotion intercity turnover tends to take place from a populous city to a less populous city, while a demotion intercity turnover exhibits an opposite pattern. this study contributes to the theory of leadership turnover of local managers, highlighting a macro vacancy chain perspective on their career trajectories.
6. title: conflict contagion: how interdependence shapes patterns of conflict and cooperation in polycentric systems
authors: mclaughlin danielle m, mewhirter jack m and lubell mark
abstract: in this article, we bridge and extend concepts from behavioral game theory and the ecology of games theory of polycentricity (egt) to test possible mechanisms for conflict contagion across the array of actors and policy forums that constitute a polycentric governance system. we argue that actors who experience conflict in one forum will develop similar strategies in other forums, which then impacts the level of conflict exhibited in within-forum interactions. this behavioral spillover of conflict is a different mechanism than conflict that might be experienced when two forums are addressing the same policy issue(s), which may be characterized by higher or lower levels of conflict. we use survey data collected in the tampa bay (fl) and california delta (ca) water governance systems to examine conflict contagion across forums. using a series of spatial autoregressive models, we find evidence that co-membership networks serve as a conduit for conflict contagion among forums. our results show that forum deliberations can be strongly impacted by interactions from other institutions and processes. consistent with the idea of path dependence, "new" forums are not necessarily independent of the forums they replace, but rather, preexisting levels of conflict and cooperation may constrain available outcomes.
7. title: myth of mayoral leadership in local government resource allocation: a multilevel analysis with brazilian municipalities
authors: gomes ricardo c, osborne stephen p and lisboa erika
abstract: resource allocation is paramount to local government strategic planning. there is, however, a gap in studies examining the determining factors of resource allocation decisions in the public sector. this study contributes to the public management literature by providing additional theories for explaining local government resource allocation in a very important sector in the local government context: educational services. stakeholder theory provides insights into external influences as economic, political, and managerial types. evidence comes from a panel dataset of large brazilian municipalities (over 100,000 inhabitants) for the 2009�2016 period. regression analysis provides empirical evidence that stakeholders can influence decisions about expenditure and investments in infrastructure. the findings challenge the assumption that mayors are at the apex of the local government hierarchy and make solitary decisions. the article also contributes to strategic management theory, indicating that stakeholders are likely to shape local government resource allocation decisions, something that had not been considered as likely hitherto.
8. title: use of boilerplate language in regulatory documents: evidence from environmental impact statements
authors: scott tyler a, marantz nicholas and ulibarri nicola
abstract: administrative procedures are intended to increase transparency and help agencies make better decisions. however, these requirements also increase agency workload. understanding how public agencies satisfy procedural requirements is a critical facet of agency performance. this analysis focuses on the language used in environmental impact statements (eiss) required by the us national environmental policy act (nepa)�specifically, the reuse of similar text within and between assessments. we synthesize theories of institutional isomorphism and bureaucratic coping to understand why text is reused, and consider the tradeoffs of this behavior. using a national dataset of 1015 eiss published by 22 agencies from 2013 to 2020, we apply local document alignment (lda) to measure how boilerplate language varies by agency, authors, project type, location, and consulting firm involvement. latent order logistic and beta regression models applied to the lda results show that text reuse primarily occurs where there is a clear substantive rationale for boilerplate language or where studies share authors or contract consulting firms. this indicates: (1) that agencies largely do not engage in pro forma compliance efforts; and (2) that while nepa procedures are oriented around individual projects and decisions, cross-project learning and the narrowness�or breadth�of agencies' project portfolios shape analytical routines and the relative tradeoffs of boilerplate text in policy analysis. this article adds to our theoretical understanding of agencies' coping strategies in response to institutional pressures and makes a methodological contribution by demonstrating the application of text reuse measurement and information extraction methods in public administration research.
9. title: disaster experience and governments' savings: the moderating role of organizational capacity
authors: lee sungyoon and chen gang
abstract: the increasing risk of natural and human-induced disasters has caused considerable costs to governments. governments' savings can function as a mechanism to mitigate such revenue or expenditure shocks due to disasters. while past studies have examined how recessions affect government reserves, to date, few studies have tested how a government's past experiences of natural disasters affect the level of its savings. in this study, we use organizational learning theory as a framework to explain this relationship. we empirically parse out the effect of previous disaster experience on reserve funds (i.e. rainy-day funds) and general savings (i.e. unassigned general fund balance). we further test whether organizational capacity serves as a moderator of the relationship between past disaster experience and savings. for the analysis, this study employs a generalized method of moments (gmm) to examine a sample of us states for the years from 2002 to 2017. we find that an increase in cumulative damage from prior disasters is associated with an increase in rainy-day funds and this relationship is stronger in governments with a high organizational capacity. the results remain robust to estimations with alternative measures. these findings support the organizational learning theory, which suggests that governments learn from their past experiences to increase preparedness for future disasters. we also point out the importance of financial capacity in the process of organizational learning.
10. title: anticipated adjudication: an analysis of the judicialization of the us administrative state
authors: limbocker scott, resh william g and selin jennifer l
abstract: to preserve democratic accountability, the actions of federal agencies remain subject to review by elected officials in the legislative and executive branches. yet given the vast scope and complexity of the modern federal government, elected officials cannot possibly intervene in all agency matters. this leaves the courts to evaluate agency actions. applying rosenbloom's separation of powers theory of public administration to nagel's theory of power as anticipated exchange, we expect that agencies become more judicialized in response to the courts' influence. leveraging novel data on personnel records, agency litigation, and policymaking from 1996 to 2016, we estimate regression models using ordinary least squares to provide an original and systematic account of the courts' influence on agency personnel and professionalization. we find that agencies become more judicialized with increased exposure to the courts. our dynamic comparison of the rise and fall of the number of judge-like policymakers within agencies highlights agency responses to judicial procedural preferences and suggests that federal agencies adopt personnel and processes that respond to the institutional perspectives of all three branches of government.
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