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volume 87, issue 3, june 2022
1. title: values and inequality: prosocial jobs and the college wage premium
authors: nathan wilmers, letian zhang
abstract: employers often recruit workers by invoking corporate social responsibility, organizational purpose, or other claims to a prosocial mission. in an era of substantial labor market inequality, commentators typically dismiss these claims as hypocritical: prosocial employers often turn out to be no more generous with low-wage workers than are other employers. in this article, we argue that prosocial commitments in fact inadvertently reduce earnings inequality, but through a different channel than generosity. building on research on job values, we hypothesize that college graduates are more willing than nongraduates to sacrifice pay for prosocial impact. when employers appeal to prosocial values, they can thus disproportionately reduce pay for higher-educated workers. we test this theory with data on online u.s. job postings. we find that prosocial jobs requiring a college degree post lower pay than do standard postings with exactly the same job requirements; prosocial jobs that do not require a college degree, however, pay no differently from other low-education jobs. this gap reduces the aggregate college wage premium by around 5 percent. we present a variety of supplementary evidence using labor market data, worker survey responses, and a vignette experiment with hiring managers. the findings reveal an unintended consequence of employers� embrace of prosocial values: it offsets macro-level inequality.
2. title: gender in the markets for expertise
authors: mathijs de vaan, toby stuart
abstract: stratification in professional careers arises in part from interpersonal dynamics in client-expert dyads. to reduce perceived uncertainty in judgments of the quality of experts, clients may rely on ascriptive characteristics of experts and on pairwise, relational factors to assess the advice they receive. two such characteristics, expert gender and client-expert gender concordance, may lead to differences in clients� trust in expert advice. to explore these issues, we investigate the incidence of patient-initiated second opinions (sos) in medicine. in an examination of millions of medical claims in massachusetts, we find that male patients are much more likely than female patients to obtain an so if the first specialist they consult is female. moreover, when the first specialist a patient consults is gender non-concordant and the patient seeks an so, male patients are substantially more likely to switch to a same-gender specialist in the so visit. because patients who lack confidence in the advice of the first-seen specialist infrequently return to this specialist for medical services, female specialists generate lower billings. analyses of medical spending in follow-up visits suggest that gendered patterns in questioning the advice of medical experts have the potential to contribute substantially to the gender pay gap in medicine.
3. title: operationalizing legitimacy
authors: eric w. schoon
abstract: legitimacy is widely invoked as a condition, cause, and outcome of other social phenomena, yet measuring legitimacy is a persistent challenge. in this article, i synthesize existing approaches to conceptualizing legitimacy across the social sciences to identify widely agreed upon definitional properties. i then build on these points of consensus to develop a generalizable approach to operationalization. legitimacy implies specific relationships among three empirical elements: an object of legitimacy, an audience that confers legitimacy, and a relationship between the two. together, these empirical elements constitute a dyad (i.e., a single unit consisting of two nodes and a tie). i identify three necessary conditions for legitimacy�expectations, assent, and conformity�that specify how elements of the dyad interact. i detail how these conditions can be used to empirically establish legitimacy (and illegitimacy), distinguishing it from dissimilar phenomena that often appear similar empirically. followed to its logical conclusion, this operationalization has novel implications for understanding the effects of legitimacy. i discuss these implications, and how they inform debates over the relevance of legitimacy as an explanation for socially significant outcomes.
4. title: who counts as family? how standards stratify lives
authors: stefan timmermans, pamela j. prickett
abstract: building on max weber�s observation that the state�s reliance on formal tools leads to governance for some and dehumanization for others, we investigate administrative standards as a social mechanism of stratification that sorts people into categories and allocates symbolic and financial resources. specifically, we examine how at a time of increased family diversity, the state�s use of family standards at the end-of-life discounts certain people as kin. based on ethnographic and documentary data about government�s implementation of family standards to identify next-of-kin and task them with the disposition of dead bodies, we find that the use of family standards leads to three outcomes: a formal fit between standard and family forms; a formal misfit between who is designated next-of-kin and who is willing to handle disposition, leading to bodies going unclaimed; and a formal refit, where people not officially designated as next-of-kin overcome formal barriers to disposition. our analysis offers a conceptual framework to examine how administrative standards include and exclude people from social groups. these bureaucratic tools produce a standard-specific governable life for some, and a diverse range of oppositional effects varying from non-recognition to opportunism for the non-standardized.
5. title: criminalizing poverty: the consequences of court fees in a randomized experiment
authors: devah pager, rebecca goldstein, helen ho, bruce western
abstract: court-related fines and fees are widely levied on criminal defendants who are frequently poor and have little capacity to pay. such financial obligations may produce a criminalization of poverty, where later court involvement results not from crime but from an inability to meet the financial burdens of the legal process. we test this hypothesis using a randomized controlled trial of court-related fee relief for misdemeanor defendants in oklahoma county, oklahoma. we find that relief from fees does not affect new criminal charges, convictions, or jail bookings after 12 months. however, control respondents were subject to debt collection efforts at significantly higher rates that involved new warrants, additional court debt, tax refund garnishment, and referral to a private debt collector. despite significant efforts at debt collection among those in the control group, payments to the court totaled less than 5 percent of outstanding debt. the evidence indicates that court debt charged to indigent defendants neither caused nor deterred new crime, and the government obtained little financial benefit. yet, fines and fees contributed to a criminalization of low-income defendants, placing them at risk of ongoing court involvement through new warrants and debt collection.
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