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volume 51, issue 1, february 2022
1. title: reconciling theory and context in comparative nonprofit research
authors: yi zhao, joseph galaskiewicz, eunsung yoon
abstract: the article reviews a family of multilevel models that can be used to build general theories of the nonprofit sector that are still sensitive to variations in context. the comparative study of the nonprofit (or nongovernmental) sector presents formidable challenges to social scientists who are attempting to advance theory on the sector. ostensibly, the goal is to model and test theories that are generalizable. yet, as scholars study topics such as volunteerism, donations, governance, management, advocacy, accountability, and the like in different political, economic, and cultural contexts, they often find different patterns across cases. after reviewing the issues and introducing the idea that time (or more specifically events) can be thought of as context as well, we present an analytical approach for doing comparative research using the framework of hierarchical linear modeling.
2. title: does mandatory disclosure matter? the case of nonprofit fundraising
authors: putnam barber, megan m. farwell, brian galle
abstract: do donors seek out potentially adverse information about organizations making fundraising appeals? do they react when it is readily available? do they draw negative inferences when critical information is not available? to answer these questions, we consider previously unexamined large-scale natural experiments involving u.s. charitable organizations�tax-exempt organizations that file internal revenue service (irs) form 990. using standard difference-in-differences designs, we find that donors penalize organizations with high fundraising costs when there is mandatory disclosure or involuntary disclosure by a third-party reporter. organizations with lower fundraising costs fundraise more successfully in the presence of these disclosures. the contrast with donors� behavior when such information is not available suggests that donors do not draw correct inferences when potentially consequential information is not disclosed. disclose-on-request requirements, in contrast, apparently do not have any significant impact on donors� or organizations� behavior. we then sketch implications for the regulation of donations to charities and their modern cousins, such as crowdfunding and social enterprise organizations.
3. title: are disasters disastrous to nonprofit organizations? investigating the financial implications of hurricane sandy for nonprofits
authors: xintong chen
abstract: nonprofit organizations are sensitive to external disasters due to their high reliance on external funds and volunteers. in this study, i investigate how disasters affect the financial health of nonprofits and what factors make them more vulnerable within the context of disaster. the sample in this study includes nonprofits directly and indirectly affected by hurricane sandy. using a logistic regression model, i explore if the disaster contributed to the likelihood of a nonprofit experiencing financial distress. disaster, as an external shock, increases risks of nonprofits experiencing financial distress, especially for smaller nonprofits and nonprofits not relying on commercial revenue.
4. title: civil society and philanthropy in africa: parallels, paradoxes and promise
authors: ebenezer obadare, kelly krawczyk
abstract: civil society and philanthropy in africa are regularly theorized in formal terms and oft perceived as inherently democratizing forces. yet, existing evidence exposes the limitations of these assumptions. this article provides an introduction to the symposium issue on civil society and philanthropy in africa. the objective of the introduction, and the articles contained in the symposium, is to examine important questions related to civil society and philanthropy on the continent: what is the complex history and role of civil society and philanthropy in africa? how have donor dependence and professionalization affected the effectiveness of the third sector? what are the contours of the relationship between the state and civil society? we ask these crucial questions in an attempt to provide a more nuanced and contextualized understanding of civil society and philanthropy on the continent.
5. title: civil society and the pluralization of african philanthropy: a case of back to the future?
authors: alan fowler
abstract: this article explores the prospect that alteration in the profile of resources relied on by african civil society will affect citizen�s relationships with their states. description and analysis advance an ontological narrative of africa�s pre- to postcolonial gift-giving, or �gifting� rapidly diverging in this century. gifting processes exhibit both non-agonistic �horizontal� and agonistic �vertical� dimensions, connecting ekeh�s �two moral publics� that characterize the continent�s neo-patrimonial political systems. the unfolding context exhibits pluralization, localization, and privatization of financing that a historically determined, multilayered african civil society can access and self-provide. the notion of �civic space� guides analysis of intersections between gifting and african civil society, in relation to governance, resourcing, and equity. a conclusion is that gains in scale and diversity of domestication in gifting to and by civil society are unlikely to bring significant change to africa�s politics: more likely is a governance future resembling the past.
6. title: grassroots ingos in africa: perspectives on what they are (and are not?)
authors: susan appe
abstract: this research explores philanthropic transfers and exchanges between and among the north and the south, namely, through grassroots international nongovernmental organizations (ingos), which tend to fall outside of the aid industry. the broad research question that frames this study is as follows: how do these organizations, grassroots ingos in the global north and their partner organizations in the global south, represent and legitimize their work within the larger realm of development aid in africa? the research conducts a comparative case study through the analysis of the narratives via organizational stories and artifacts produced and used by grassroots ingos in the united states and partner organizations in kenya. the findings show how grassroots ingos distinguish themselves from what are the traditional images of global philanthropic exchanges and development aid, producing disassociative claims. the research derives a set of properties of grassroots ingos to explain these perceived distinctions.
7. title: do service provision ngos perform civil society functions? evidence of ngos� relationship with democratic participation
authors: jennifer n. brass
abstract: scholars have long been interested in the relationship between civil society and democracy. today, international donors promote civil society in developing countries, and they explicitly define civil society to include nongovernmental organizations (ngos). it remains an open question, however, whether service provision ngos in developing countries fulfill this civil society function. some prominent scholarship argues that only ngos that explicitly pursue advocacy perform civil society roles; service provision ngos do not. i address this question, testing the relationship between individuals� experience with, and perceptions of, ngos and their political participation in voting, protests, and raising issues with public officials. using data from kenya, i find that individuals who report contact with, or positive views of, ngos are more likely to engage in certain political activities, providing some evidence for the inclusion of ngos in the concept of civil society. i theorize mechanisms by which service provision ngos may affect various forms of participation.
8. title: why restrictive ngo foreign funding laws reduce voter turnout in africa�s national elections
authors: kendra dupuy, aseem prakash
abstract: laws that restrict foreign funding to nongovernmental organizations (ngos) can depress voting through two mechanisms. first, they can signal a democracy recession. consequently, citizens might fear rigged elections where their vote will not influence who forms the next government. second, by denying funding to ngos, these laws can undermine ngos� ability to generate social capital, which is crucial to mitigate collective action problems associated with voting. since 1990, 13 of africa�s 54 states have enacted laws restricting foreign funding for ngos. drawing on the 2016 afrobarometer survey (36 countries, 53,936 respondents), we find support for the argument that restrictive ngo laws reduce citizens� electoral participation in national elections probably by signaling democracy recession, and not by undermining social capital that foreign-funded ngos are supposed to generate. in fully democratic countries, respondents are around 94% more likely to report having voted in a recent national election even after controlling for restrictive ngo laws.
9. title: the state and the securitization of civil society organizations in nigeria
authors: emeka thaddues njoku
abstract: while debates on the effects of the post-9/11 counterterrorism measures (ctms) on civil society organizations (csos) exist, there is a paucity of data on how ctms are shaping the spaces and actors of csos in nigeria. using a mixed-methods design, this article analyzes csos� perceptions on the effects of counterterrorism financing measures, the countermeasures that csos are taking, and the government�s views on the security threat posed by csos. the findings show that although counterterrorism financing were not as constraining, it appears to increase the administrative cost of csos and disadvantaged the less prominent csos forcing them to close down or merge with more prominent csos. besides, the result shows the state�s increasing interest in the activities of csos on the grounds of national security imperatives. thus, i argue ctms are evolving, and thus csos will experience increased financial regulations. also, ctms expansion will threaten csos� sustainability and polarize them.
10. title: donations and the overhead ratio are related even when donors do not bother about efficiency
authors: marc jegers
abstract: empirical research on donor behavior infers from donations being negatively related to overhead ratios (or indicators based on these ratios) that donors give more to more �efficient� organizations. this relation is proved to be at least partly driven by a purely mechanical link between donations and overhead ratios, which therefore should be isolated when studying empirically the behavioral effect of overhead ratio based indicators on donors giving decisions.
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11. title: civil society by edwards, m.
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abstract: the article reviews the book �civil society� by michael edwards.
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