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��ࡱ�>�� u �r��gbjbj�n�n2��a��a�_ ��""��8�le$��nliiiii��yn{n{n{n{n{n{n$fp�sf�n��n��ii4�nuuu� �i�iynu�ynuuui��$s9��(uen�n0�nubs�lbsuu�/bs�kh��u��n�n:��n��bs��"qs: research policy volume 51, issue 3, april 2022 1. title: assessing differences between university and federal laboratory postdoctoral scientists in technology transfer authors: haneul choi, hyunjung yoon, donald siegel, david a. waldman, marie s. mitchell abstract: while there are numerous studies of university technology transfer, there have been relatively few studies of technology transfer at federal labs. moreover, studies of university technology transfer have focused on faculty, not post-doctoral scientists. they have also ignored identity and sensemaking theories in organizational behavior, which are relevant in the context of technology transfer. we fill these gaps by examining differences between university post-doctoral scientists and federal lab post-doctoral scientists, in terms of how they engage in technology transfer. our qualitative analysis is based on extensive interviews of post-doctoral scientists and their supervisors/principal investigators (pis) at two major research universities and four large federal labs. we find that federal lab scientists are more influenced by mission-driven research and their sense of public service, as compared to university scientists who are motivated more by curiosity-driven research. these motivational differences may constitute significant barriers to technology transfer in federal labs. as compared to their university counterparts, federal lab scientists appear to experience more cognitive dissonance in pursuing commercialization of their research and have more sophisticated resolution strategies for dealing with such dissonance. we also find that pis at federal labs are not highly incentivized to engage in technology transfer. we discuss additional research needs, as well as the managerial and training implications of our findings. 2. title: technology transfer systems and modes of national research institutes: evidence from the chinese academy of sciences authors: kaihua chen, chao zhang, ze feng, yi zhang, lutao ning abstract: technology transfer systems (ttss) and modes of national research institutes (nris) have become increasingly significant in shaping national innovation systems. however, few studies have addressed this issue in the context of emerging economies. to fill this research gap, this paper explores the ttss and modes of chinese nris based on a case study of the chinese academy of sciences (cas). we clarify the institutional factors that influence the adoption of an academy-branch-institute-level tts, reveal the policy-driven evolvement of this multi-level tts, and elucidate the operational mechanisms of the tts. we find that the effective collaboration between the actors within or across the three levels of the tts could enhance the functions of integration management, science and technology (s&t) resource allocation, and public research and development. through a thematic synthesis approach, we identify three technology transfer modes of the cas. these three modes exhibit an evolutionary sequence from the cas-region cooperation mode to the incubation ecosystem mode and then to the platform-driven mode, following the progress of the chinese s&t system reform and the repositioning of the cas mission. these modes have diverse demands for technological cognition and resource allocation capability that can be satisfied by the co-specialised interaction among the three levels of the tts. apart from the theoretical implications for technology transfer studies, our findings provide managerial implications for guiding technology transfer from nris. 3. title: market power and artificial intelligence work on online labour markets authors: n�stor duch-brown, estrella gomez-herrera, frank mueller-langer, song�l tolan abstract: we investigate three alternative but complementary indicators of market power on one of the largest online labour markets (olms) in europe: (1) the elasticity of labour demand, (2) the elasticity of labour supply, and (3) the concentration of market shares. we explore how these indicators relate to an exogenous change in platform policy. in the middle of the observation period, the platform made it mandatory for employers to signal the rates they were willing to pay as given by the level of experience required to perform a project, i.e., entry, intermediate or expert level. we find a positive labour supply elasticity ranging between 0.06 and 0.15, which is higher for expert-level projects. we also find that the labour demand elasticity increased while the labour supply elasticity decreased after the policy change. based on this, we argue that market-designing platform providers can influence the labour demand and supply elasticities on olms with the terms and conditions they set for the platform. we also explore the demand for and supply of ai-related labour on the olm under study. we provide evidence for a significantly higher demand for ai-related labour (ranging from 1.4% to 4.1%) and a significantly lower supply of ai-related labour (ranging from -6.8% to -1.6%) than for other types of labour. we also find that workers on ai projects receive 3.0%-3.2% higher wages than workers on non-ai projects. 4. title: coevolution of job automation risk and workplace governance authors: filippo belloc, gabriel burdin, luca cattani, william ellis, fabio landini abstract: this paper analyses the interplay between the allocation of authority within firms and workers� exposure to automation risk. we propose an evolutionary model to study the complementary fit of job design and workplace governance as resulting from the adoption of worker voice institutions, in particular employee representation (er). two organizational conventions are likely to emerge in our framework: in one, workplace governance is based on er and job designs have low automation risk; in the other, er is absent and workers are involved in automation-prone production tasks. using data from a large sample of european workers, we document that automation risk is negatively associated with the presence of er, consistently with our theoretical framework. our analysis helps to rationalize the historical experience of nordic countries, where simultaneous experimentation with codetermination rights and job enrichment programmes has taken place. policy debates about the consequences of automation on labour organization should avoid technological determinism and devote more attention to socio-institutional factors shaping the future of work. 5. title: the new paradigm of economic complexity authors: pierre-alexandre balland, tom broekel, dario diodato, elisa giuliani, ... david rigby abstract: economic complexity offers a potentially powerful paradigm to understand key societal issues and challenges of our time. the underlying idea is that growth, development, technological change, income inequality, spatial disparities, and resilience are the visible outcomes of hidden systemic interactions. the study of economic complexity seeks to understand the structure of these interactions and how they shape various socioeconomic processes. this emerging field relies heavily on big data and machine learning techniques. this brief introduction to economic complexity has three aims. the first is to summarize key theoretical foundations and principles of economic complexity. the second is to briefly review the tools and metrics developed in the economic complexity literature that exploit information encoded in the structure of the economy to find new empirical patterns. the final aim is to highlight the insights from economic complexity to improve prediction and political decision-making. institutions including the world bank, the european commission, the world economic forum, the oecd, and a range of national and regional organizations have begun to embrace the principles of economic complexity and its analytical framework. we discuss policy implications of this field, in particular the usefulness of building recommendation systems for major public investment decisions in a complex world. 6. title: climbing the ladder: inward sourcing as an upgrading capability in global value chains authors: william chongyang zhou, daying yan, sunny li sun. abstract: how can emerging-economy firms technically upgrade in global value chains (gvcs) and avoid being locked into low value-added activities? inspired by catch-up cycles theory and �in-out-in� policy of gvc participation (lee et al., 2017), we propose a novel concept of inward-sourcing capability � the ability to implement a dynamic transition from foreign sourcing to local sourcing in gvcs. we argue that inward-sourcing capability is critical for technical upgrade of emerging-economy firms. using a full sample of chinese manufacturing firms (714,117 firm-year observations) from 2000 to 2015, we investigate four antecedents of inward-sourcing capability and find that market-based institutions, openness to foreign multinational enterprises, and r&d intensity strengthen such capability-building, while state ownership impedes it. we also find inward-sourcing capability widens chinese firms� search breadth and strengthens innovation capability and technical impact. our new concept and findings carry important policy implications for the second stage of �in-out-in� gvc participation. 7. title: mentorship and creativity: effects of mentor creativity and mentoring style authors: jian wang, sotaro shibayama. abstract: this paper examines mentorship as a mechanism for individuals to acquire and develop creativity. more specifically, we study the effect of mentor creativity on prot�g� creativity and how this effect is moderated by the mentoring styles of autonomy and exploration. our empirical analysis focuses on formal phd supervision and training, drawing on survey and bibliometric data for 143 life-science professors (mentors) and their 685 phd students (prot�g�s). we find that the effect of mentor creativity on prot�g� creativity is insignificant during prot�g�s� phd studies but becomes significantly positive after prot�g�s hold faculty positions, suggesting that the mentorship effect takes time to manifest but is enduring. furthermore, the effect of mentor creativity on prot�g� creativity is significant only when prot�g�s have high levels of autonomy and exploration during phd studies. this suggests the importance of autonomy and exploration in the effective transfer of creativity from mentors to prot�g�s. 8. title: how fast is this novel technology going to be a hit? antecedents predicting follow-on inventions authors: michele pezzoni, reinhilde veugelers, fabiana visentin. abstract: despite scholars� high interest in identifying inventions that have a big impact, little attention has been devoted to investigating what drives how (fast) novel technologies embodied in these inventions are re-used in subsequent inventions. we overcome this limitation by empirically identifying novel technologies, mapping their re-use trajectories, and examining the characteristics of the novel technologies affecting trajectories� shape. using patent data, we identify on a large scale novel technologies as new combinations of existing technological components. the first invention using the new combination marks the origin of the trajectory, while all the subsequent inventions re-using the same new combination shape the technological trajectory. in our study sample, we identify 10,782 technological trajectories. for each of these trajectories, we identify its take off time and its maximum technological impact, as defined by its maximum number of follow-on inventions. we find that an s-shaped curve provides high goodness of fit for our trajectories, but that there is substantial heterogeneity in take off time and maximum technological impact. in searching for the antecedent characteristics of the novel technologies shaping their trajectories, we find that complex novel technologies resulting from combining dissimilar technological components with strong science-based content are associated with trajectories showing a long take off time but with a high technological impact. in contrast, combining similar components that are familiar to inventors, results in a short take off time but a low technological impact. 9. title: the role of proximity in sustainability transitions: a technological niche evolution analysis authors: antonio lopolito, pasquale marcello falcone, edgardo sica abstract: the transition literature (especially within economic geography, urban studies and political ecology) highlights that the proximity between actors plays a crucial role in determining the dynamics of sustainable transitions. economic geographers distinguish between absolute (spatial) and relative (non-spatial) proximity. these play different roles in the transition process, though relative proximity has been scarcely investigated in empirical studies. to overcome this limitation, we investigated the relevance of spatial and non-spatial proximity in the evolution of a technological niche. we also explored the roles of different kinds of non-spatial proximity (i.e. cognitive, organizational, social, institutional), in niche evolution, in terms of network expansion. to this end, we analyzed the italian biofuel niche, as it has already undergone different evolution phases. we found that the most relevant drivers of niche networking were social, cognitive and institutional proximity. additionally, while social proximity was relevant throughout the entire life span of the niche, cognitive and institutional proximity gained significance only in the maturity phase, marking a transition point in the niche evolution. from these findings we derive that policy makers should (i) concentrate on social proximity to speed up niche evolution and (ii) increase cognitive and institutional proximity in the development phase in order to consolidate the niche in the maturity phase. this could occur through initiatives aimed at creating common experiences (e.g. business incubators, technological communities) and the intervention of national and/or supranational institutions to create network externality conditions by means of r&d subsidies. 10. title: strategic framing of enabling technologies: insights from firms digitizing smell and taste authors: neva bojovic abstract: strategic framing of a technology refers to activities that firms undertake to create favorable meaning for their technologies and foster their adoption. the success of such framing depends on the extent to which these technologies resonate with audiences within local settings. this paper examines how firms approach strategic framing activities to establish resonance in multiple local contexts when producing enabling technologies, i.e., novel technologies that address multiple and heterogeneous markets. through a longitudinal case study of three companies that produce technologies to digitize smell and taste, this study offers a dynamic understanding of strategic framing by companies as they switch between different frames to establish resonance with audiences within and across markets. 11. title: differences in female representation in leading management and organization journals: establishing a benchmark authors: carolin auschra, julia bartosch, nora lohmeyer abstract: in the most prestigious journals of many disciplines, female researchers are underrepresented. to better understand this phenomenon, we compare the proportions of female authors in all leading management and organization studies (mos) journals, explore underlying gendered publication patterns, and analyze factors explaining differences between journals. we examine the gendered distribution of authorship in these journals using a complete, original time series. the comprehensive data set includes all articles published in fourteen leading journals in the mos field, comprising 77,472 cases (authors) and 43,673 articles. the findings show that women have been underrepresented in all leading mos journals until now. however, our findings reveal significant differences between journals, with some journals lagging far behind their peers. we ask why some journals score much higher than others and show that gendered authorship constellations and research topic specialization consistently explain female representation differences between journals. more specifically, we find a dominance of �men's clubs� when it comes to authorship constellations and thriving �male islands� when it comes to research topics. in contrast, �women's clubs� are far less prevalent and no �female island� exists. interestingly, female authorship and �shared islands� play a particularly powerful role in narrowing the gender gap in leading journals. our results provide a benchmark for female representation across leading journals and allow for the formulation of concrete research policy goals and directions for change. 12. title: a question worth a million: the expert, the crowd, or myself? an investigation of problem solving authors: carolin haeussler, sabrina vieth abstract: in an era of rapid technological advances, individuals have access to a plethora of open and closed forms of problem solving. we introduce and test a framework that compares different forms of problem solving and determines how individuals make choices among them. our analyses of 4,556 problems solved by 398 individuals reveal that high problem complexity and strong implicit social norms of open exchange increase the probability that individuals will seek external solutions rather than solve the problems themselves. our analysis also shows that they prefer individual experts (contacted directly or via open call) over aggregated crowd knowledge. we also find that strong implicit social norms of open exchange weakened the positive impact of complexity on the probability of solving problems externally. interestingly, this effect is more subtle when the use of aggregated crowds is compared with individual experts: while strong implicit social norms strengthen the positive impact of problem complexity when experts are contacted directly, they otherwise weaken the use of open call experts. we discuss and examine the nuanced effects between problem complexity and social norms of open exchange. the study contributes to a stream of the open innovation literature that uses a problem solving perspective to better understand under what circumstances certain forms of problem solving are utilized, and it then combines it with a novel empirical setting based on real-life experimental data. 13. title: the vexing but persistent problem of authorship misconduct in research authors: peyman khezr, vijay mohan abstract: this paper examines authorship misconduct: practices such as gift, guest, honorary and ghost authorship (excluding plagiarism) that involve inappropriate attribution of authorship credits. drawing on the existing literature, we describe the extent of authorship misconduct and why it presents a problem. we then construct a simple matching model of guest authorship to show how researchers can form teams (of two) where one researcher free-rides off the efforts of the other; at equilibrium, the latter is content for this free-riding to occur, rather than forming a different team involving no free-riding. we discuss how this model can be generalized to incorporate honorary and gift authorship, and why capturing ghost authorship may require significant changes to the modelling. while formal (game-theoretic) modelling of other aspects of research misconduct is prevalent in the literature, to our knowledge, ours is the first attempt to isolate the strategic interaction that leads to authorship misconduct. if authorship misconduct is a rational choice by researchers, we investigate the use of a monitoring-punishment approach to eliminate the free-riding equilibria. the possibility of monitoring is not just theoretical: we outline the recent advances in distributed ledger technology and authorship forensics that make monitoring of research workflows a viable strategy for institutions to curb authorship misconduct. one of the advantages of working with our simple model is that it provides a framework to examine the relationship between efficiency and ethics in this context, an issue that has by and large been ignored in the literature. 14. title: why do incumbents fund startups? a study of the antecedents of corporate venture capital in china authors: gary dushnitsky, lei yu abstract: established firms are instrumental in funding entrepreneurial ventures, a practice known as corporate venture capital (cvc). yet, our knowledge of the reasons firms engage in cvc is calibrated mainly on data from the united states and europe. such a restricted focus limits our understanding of cvc practices and objectives. accordingly, we adopt an abductive approach to study the antecedents of cvc in china. the country is a vibrant entrepreneurial setting, second only to the usa in total startup numbers and funding amounts. we construct a comprehensive data of chinese cvcs during the late 2010s by integrate chinese and international databases. cross-industry analyses of cvc patterns underscore a novel objective; one that is predominantly associated with harnessing growth through market expansion rather than the prevailing view of cvc as a window on technology. the findings mirror the features of the chinese setting, where entrepreneurs profit from the dramatic expansion in economic activity and serve as a vehicle to leverage the global innovation frontier. 15. title: not all technologies are created equal for stakeholders: constituency statutes, firm stakeholder orientation and investments in technology generality authors: raffaele conti, elena novelli abstract: previous research has analyzed the effect of stakeholder orientation on the amount of technological investment firms make but has ignored its effect on the characteristics of that investment. to address this gap, we explored the impact of stakeholder orientation on the degree of generality of a firm's technological investment. more general technologies (i.e., technologies easily deployable in a wider range of industries) are more likely to promote major changes in the firm's scope. however, these changes undermine the value of stakeholders� past relationship-specific investments, which are tailored to a certain firm scope. therefore, more stakeholder-oriented firms will invest in less general technological assets to reduce stakeholder concerns and opposition. this negative effect will be stronger in more uncertain industries, where stakeholders are more concerned that firms might use technology generality to change their scope following the realization of previously unforeseen contingencies. however, it will be weaker in more competitive industries, where stakeholders tend to make less relationship-specific investments and are less concerned with changes in firm scope triggered by an increase in technology generality. we test our hypotheses by exploiting the enactment of constituency statutes in 34 u.s. states during the period 1976�2000 as a plausibly exogenous variation in firms� stakeholder orientation. 16. title: project-oriented agency and regeneration in socio-technical transition: insights from the case of numerical weather prediction (1978�2015) authors: sylvain lenfle, jonas s�derlund abstract: this paper analyzes the unfolding of socio-technical transition (stt) using the multi-level perspective (mlp) framework. it relies on an in-depth case study of the �quiet revolution� of numerical weather prediction. the study reveals how key actors targeted the reverse salient of data assimilation and thereby facilitated the transition toward a new �variational� regime. in so doing, the paper makes three contributions to the stt literature: (1) it identifies a new type of transition pathway, �regeneration,� in which the regime transforms itself from within, despite the lack of changes in landscape pressure, to overcome internal tensions; (2) it showcases �project-oriented agency� as the central mechanism of this transition, which allows the actors to join forces and cooperate to counteract the reverse salient; and (3) it proposes a process model of project-oriented agency that accounts for the role of the reverse salient in the regeneration pathway. 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