-k8凯发天生赢家

��ࡱ�>�� u �r��bjbj�n�n2��a��a � ��""��8��,��sl��r�r�r�r�r�r�r$u��w<�r��r��4dsmmm��rm�rmmm��,d��@m�rzs0�smxsfxmm�/x�9opm�r�r��s��x"qs: world development volume 176, issue 4, april 2024 1. title: ideology at the water�s edge: explaining variation in public support for foreign aid authors: lauren prather abstract: to explain variation in foreign aid levels and attitudes in donor countries, past research emphasizes the importance of values related to the welfare state such as economic ideology. scholars argue that liberals support redistribution at home in the form of a strong welfare state and redistribution abroad in the form of foreign aid. yet, the conditions under which values related to domestic politics translate to issues of foreign policy remain undertheorized. i argue that economic ideology interacts with foreign policy orientation � individuals� placement along the internationalist/isolationist spectrum � to shape foreign aid attitudes and outcomes. using original data from surveys fielded in the u.s., uk, and norway, as well as data on foreign aid spending levels, i show that the relationship between ideology and foreign aid is conditional on foreign policy orientation. the effect is driven by isolationist liberals whose support for redistribution stops at the water�s edge. 2. title: does early nutrition predict cognitive skills during later childhood? evidence from two developing countries authors: alan s�nchez, marta favara, margaret sheridan, jere behrman abstract: the existing evidence linking early undernutrition to educational outcomes in developing countries is largely focused on assessing its impacts on grade attainment and achievement test scores, with limited evidence on the foundational cognitive skills required to perform well at school. we use unique data collected in ethiopia and peru as part of the young lives study to investigate the relationship between early undernutrition and four foundational cognitive skills measured later in childhood, the first two of which measure executive functioning: working memory, inhibitory control, long-term memory, and implicit learning. we exploit the rich longitudinal data available to control for potential confounders at the household and individual level and for time-invariant community characteristics. we also take advantage of the availability of data for paired-siblings to obtain household fixed-effects estimates. in the latter specification, we find robust evidence that stunting at <"age 5 is negatively related with executive functions measured years later, predicting reductions in working memory and inhibitory control by 12.6 % and 5.8 % of a standard deviation. although the main cohort of young lives was around 12 years old when executive functions were measured, complementary results and analysis of the data available for the younger siblings suggest that the impact of stunting on executive functions�specifically, on working memory�starts at an earlier age. our results shed light on the mechanisms that explain the relationship between early nutrition and school achievement tests suggesting that good nutrition is an important determinant of children�s learning capacities. 3. title: political trust and government performance in the time of covid-19 authors: chengyuan ji, junyan jiang, yujin zhang abstract: governments around the world have exhibited markedly different levels of effectiveness in handling the covid-19 pandemic, and these variations have not been adequately explained by conventional correlates of good governance. this paper advances a co-production perspective, arguing that citizens� predisposition to support and comply with government policies has played a crucial role in shaping countries� pandemic performance. analyzing a cross-country dataset that combines covid-related cases and deaths with a new measure of political trust constructed from multiple international surveys, we show that the numbers of casualties from the pandemic are significantly lower in societies where citizens have greater trust in their governments. this relationship continues to hold even when we focus only on wealthy, democratic countries where the data quality is more reliable. additional analyses suggest that higher political trust contributes to both greater compliance with mitigation measures by citizens and more decisive response by government. these findings underscore the importance of citizen�government collaboration for effective governance and the perils of declining political trust in advanced democracies. 4. title: forecasting the prevalence of child acute malnutrition using environmental and conflict conditions as leading indicators authors: david backer, trey billing abstract: millions of children worldwide experience acute malnutrition. forecasts of prevalence that afford sufficient reliability, precision, and advance warning are valuable to facilitate anticipatory action capable of mitigating the extent and downsides of crises. existing research and resources lack prediction based on statistical analysis with broad cross-national scope and a focus on identifying leading indicators. we model the prevalence of child acute malnutrition at the level of subnational geographic regions (generally first-order administrative divisions), highlighting environmental conditions (precipitation, temperature, vegetation) and lethal and non-lethal conflict activity as main predictors, alongside demographic and geographic characteristics, and involving a temporal vantage point framework that reflects requirements of practical application. estimations are performed using the random forest machine-learning algorithm, trained on data from 36 countries across mainland sub-saharan africa spanning 2003�2019, including a novel compilation of measurements of prevalence rates drawn from dhs, mics, and smart surveys. our results show strong predictive performance that remains consistent with lead times extending out from one month to 12 months. all the environmental and conflict factors register as important leading indicators. the findings reinforce the potential of relying on model-based approaches to bolster the foundations for humanitarian measures that are better positioned to reduce negative repercussions of food insecurity. 5. title: the politics of extractivism: mining, institutional responsiveness, and social resistance authors: simon bornschier, manuel vogt abstract: natural resource exploitation often generates negative externalities and fuels social conflict. yet, patterns of social resistance against mining differ considerably within and across countries. what explains differences in the occurrence and duration of anti-mining protest? distinguishing explicitly between protest onset and continuation, we theorize that communities affected by mining engage in social protest to signal their grievances to political decision-makers. yet, once protests have erupted, their duration depends on the institutional setup that shapes these decision-makers� likelihood of responding to grievances. under conditions of high decentralized responsiveness, where regional governments have both the competences to enact policies and the electoral incentives to make use of them, regional governments are likely to rely on �policy side payments� in mining-unrelated domains to assuage mining-related grievances. thus, decentralized responsiveness should reduce the duration of anti-mining protest. to test our argument, we introduce novel subnational data on mining activities and anti-mining protests in bolivia, peru, and ecuador from 2002 to 2013. using dynamic logit regression models, we find that the determinants of protest onset and continuation differ systematically. while the volume of mining activities impacts protest onset, the duration of anti-mining protests decreases significantly under conditions of high decentralized responsiveness. these results have implications for our understanding of governments� ability to balance the economic benefits and social costs of natural resource exploitation, as well as for the interplay between institutionalized and non-institutionalized arenas of political contention. 6. title: from absences to emergences: foregrounding traditional and indigenous climate change adaptation knowledges and practices from fiji, vietnam and the philippines authors: justin see, ginbert permejo cuaton, pryor placino, suliasi vunibola, ... katharine mckinnon abstract: the differential impacts of climate change have highlighted the need to implement fit-for-purpose interventions that are reflective of the needs of vulnerable communities. however, adaptation projects tend to favour technocratic, market-driven, and eurocentric approaches that inadvertently disregard the place-based and contextual adaptation strategies of many communities in the global south. the paper aims to decolonise climate change adaptation guided by the critical tenets of �decolonising climate adaptation scholarship� (dcas). it presents empirical case studies from fiji, vietnam, and the philippines and reveals the different ways that indigenous and local knowledge (ilk) and strategies are devalued and suppressed by modernist and developmentalist approaches to climate adaptation. the paper then foregrounds some of the adaptive techniques that resist and remain, or have been re-worked in hybrid ways with ilk. ultimately, this paper combats the delegitimisation of ilk by mainstream climate change adaptation scholarship and highlights the need for awareness and openness to other forms of knowing and being. 7. title: keeping communal peace in the shadow of civil war: a natural experiment from c�te d�ivoire authors: sebastian van baalen abstract: violent communal conflicts between identity-based groups are a severe threat to human security and development. while most communal conflicts take place in civil war-affected countries, communal conflict is not an inevitable byproduct of civil war. what explains communal peace in civil war? existing research tends to overlook interlinkages between communal conflict and civil war, meaning that knowledge on how armed groups exacerbate or mitigate communal conflicts is limited. combining insights from research on communal conflict and non-state armed groups, this study proposes that communal conflicts are less severe in areas controlled by legitimacy-seeking armed groups that seek acceptance for its political authority and right to rule from domestic and international audiences. legitimacy-seeking armed groups have greater incentives to develop institutions and practices that prevent both communal conflict onset and escalation, which helps keep communal peace. the study examines the argument through a natural experiment in western c�te d�ivoire, where more legitimacy-seeking and more legitimacy-indifferent armed groups came to control proximate and highly comparable communities because of an arbitrary ceasefire line. using process-tracing to analyze unique interview and archival sources, the study demonstrates that communal conflicts were far deadlier in areas controlled by the more legitimacy-indifferent militias than in areas controlled by the more legitimacy-seeking forces nouvelles rebel group. these findings highlight that armed groups can be both agents of wartime disorder and order, and contribute new insights on communal peace in the shadow of civil war. 8. title: scaling-up sustainable commodity governance through jurisdictional initiatives: political pathways to sector transformation in the indonesian palm oil sector? authors: bahruddin, kate macdonald, rachael diprose, deborah delgado pugley abstract: voluntary systems of sustainable commodity governance have come under intensified criticism for failing to catalyse transformative change beyond directly regulated supply chains. in response, there has been a surge of efforts to �scale-up� sustainability impacts through governance interventions at landscape and jurisdictional scales. while these ambitious, scaled-up approaches are attracting significant interest, such approaches demand substantial changes to established repertoires of policy interventions and associated understandings of the pathways through which these contribute to sustainability outcomes. drawing theoretical insights from scholarship on multi-stakeholder sustainability governance together with findings from a qualitative study of jurisdictional governance experiments in the indonesian palm oil sector, this paper explores how emerging jurisdictional initiatives are promoting change pathways towards more sustainable commodity production, and how the political, environmental governance and economic contexts in which these interventions are implemented influence these pathways. analysis shows that by integrating a distinctive mix of market and policy-driven interventions, jurisdictional approaches are contributing to three core pathways of change, centred respectively on network and coalition-building, collaborative governance, and resource mobilisation. however, which of these pathways are most influential, how interventions are sequenced and operationalised, and how the pathways interact in shaping change is highly sensitive to varied subnational implementation contexts, with important implications for the impact and resilience of jurisdictional programs. these findings highlight the need for jurisdictional policy interventions to respond flexibly to contextually-variable configurations of actor interests, coalitions and power relations within contested multi-scalar processes of sustainable commodity governance. 9. title: is the conventional wisdom on resource taxation correct? mining evidence from african countries' tax legislations authors: isaac amedanou, bertrand laporte abstract: our study reexamines the link between country risk and government take, following research by adebayo et al. (2021). our approach complements theirs. we study the mining tax policy choices in an environment of uncertainty and risk country for twenty-one african gold-producing countries. we calculate a de jure government take based on the complete application of laws and regulations for three �representative mines�. our results reconcile adebayo et al.'s theoretical model with empirical results. higher country risk is associated with lower de jure government take. we also show a complex nonlinear relationship between country risk and de jure government take. finally, our results suggest that stronger political institutions �capture� a lower de jure government take. the coefficient of the interaction term suggests that as the political regime becomes more democratic, the marginal effect of country risk on de jure government revenue becomes increasingly less adverse up to a specific threshold, beyond which it turns positive. we then introduce each political component of country risk and its interaction term to track transmission channels. 10. title: lasting scars: the long-term effects of school closures on earnings authors: zs. k�cz�n abstract: we examine the impact of education disruptions on earnings in the long term using a natural experiment. in particular, we estimate the effects of school closures due to the 1999 nato bombing of serbia on earnings 20 years later. our results point to substantial and lasting effects: those in first grade at the time of the shock earn about 7�9 percent less 20 years after the shock than unaffected cohorts just younger than them. impacts are larger for those in the bottom half of the income distribution. we find that selection into lower-paying sectors (possibly due to higher risk aversion) explains about 15 percent of the overall effect. however, the negative effect of education disruption persists despite affected cohorts staying in school longer, being more likely to work for the public sector and having open-ended contracts. 11. title: resilience � and collapse � of local food systems in conflict affected areas; reflections from burkina faso authors: christophe b�n�, elodie ma�tre d'h�tel, rapha�l pelloquin, outman badaoui, ... jocelyne w. sankima abstract: armed conflicts are among the major disruptions affecting local food systems in low- and middle-income countries, having devastating effects on populations� food security. the understanding of the mechanisms linking conflicts to food insecurity is limited, however, by a lack of data on how these conflicts affect the different actors of local food systems. in this study, we aim to address this gap, using empirical data from the northeast region of burkina faso where an active conflict is occurring. the objective is to document and analyze the impacts of that conflict on the functioning of the local food system and more specifically on the resilience of the traders that operate from sebba, the capital of the yagha province. the analysis reveals, first, the magnitude of the disruption. on average, these local food traders experienced a 40%-50% contraction in their activities compared to the situation prior to the conflict. not all operators are affected with the same intensity, however. transporters appeared to be impacted more severely than retailers/vendors. econometric models are then used to explore the socio-economic characteristics of these different actors. the analysis shows that, contrarily to what is often observed with farmers, the level of assets did not seem to contribute significantly to traders� resilience. instead, having recently relocated to sebba appears more important to ensure the level of adaptability needed to respond to the rapidly deteriorating situation. the analysis also reveals that the resilience of the �positive deviants� (those operators who did better than the rest of the group) materialized essentially through their capacity to buffer more effectively shocks� impacts but it did not spare them from facing drastic contractions in their trade business. eventually, the resilience of those positive deviants was not sufficient to maintain the resilience of the whole system. it ensues a catastrophic drop in the quantity of food traded (up to 50% for certain products), leading to the collapse of the system and a 10-fold increase in the food insecurity of the local population. the paper concludes by weighing the usefulness of the concept of resilience in the context of severe disruptions of the food systems (such as armed conflicts), emphasizes the risk that an unconditional promotion/adoption of that concept may reduce our ability to anticipate or even to envision collapse scenarios. on the brighter side, our analysis demonstrates that collecting specific information about the food system operators can help predict, and possibly prevent, such collapses. 12. title: do conditional cash transfers create resilience against poverty? long-run evidence from jamaica authors: christopher oconnor abstract: conditional cash transfer programs (cct) have become the prominent component of social assistance programs in many developing countries. a major objective of cct programs is breaking the cycle of intergenerational poverty and building a population resilient to adverse shocks that may push a person into poverty. the literature to date has not provided conclusive evidence for the long-run impact of cct programs on beneficiaries� resilience against poverty. to fill this gap, i exploit the age-based eligibility thresholds and regional variation in the proportion of persons receiving benefits from the jamaican cct program to identify its long-run impact on resilience against poverty. i find that child beneficiaries of the program are up to 8.4 percentage points more resilient against poverty when they become adults than they would have been in the absence of the program. furthermore, these benefits are only evident in females, and are realized after beneficiaries are in their early 202 s. overall, this study provides further justification for the expansion of ccts or similar programs targeting children living in less-developed countries. 13. title: state and ngo coproduction of health care in the gran chaco authors: tulia g. falleti, santiago l. cunial, selene bonczok sotelo, favio crudo abstract: the collaboration between state and civil society in the delivery of public services is paramount to sustainable and participatory development in rural areas with marginalized populations. previous research identified complementarity and embeddedness as two essential features of successful coproduction. however, most of the literature on coproduction studies users and providers who share the same language and culture, even if power asymmetries are high. we combine the literatures on non-state social welfare provision and on coproduction to analyze a collaboration between states and non-governmental organizations (ngos) in multicultural and multilingual contexts. in such contexts, we argue, embeddedness requires not only language interpreters but also intercultural policies and training, without which the benefits of coproduction are lost in translation. our study is based on a recent collaboration between the states of argentina, bolivia, and paraguay and two health care ngos that provide prenatal care to women in the gran chaco. in this region, a large portion of the population is indigenous and maternal and infant mortality are high. based on participant observation and in-depth interviews, combined with observational data, we analyze the experiences of public health care providers and ngo doctors involved in the intervention. we evaluate if there is complementarity between the state and the ngos regarding access to preventive health care, diagnosis and treatment, and human resources in the health sector. finally, we analyze whether state or ngo actors are embedded in local civil society or indigenous communities. we find that this medical intervention significantly improves access to and delivery of health care to pregnant women, and promotes attention to neglected diseases such as chagas. it also improves local human resources in the health sector. despite these benefits, it lacks an intercultural approach to health care, limiting its potential, but also opening new opportunities for future research and practice. 14. title: changes in adult well-being and economic inequalities: an exploratory observational longitudinal study (2002�2010) of micro-level trends among tsimane�, a small-scale rural society of indigenous people in the bolivian amazon authors: ricardo godoy, jonathan bauchet, jere r. behrman, tom�s huanca, ... ariela zycherman abstract: knowing what happens over time to the lifeways of people in contemporary small-scale non-industrial societies of the rural global south matters because it helps assess changes in the quality of life of underrepresented groups. it has been hard to answer the question because longitudinal information is rarely collected in such settings. a longitudinal dataset of nine years (2002�2010) from a horticultural-foraging society of indigenous people in the bolivian amazon (tsimane�) is used for an exploratory analysis of micro-level trends in indicators of well-being and economic inequalities. we selected 13 tsimane villages (from <" 100) that varied in proximity to town and surveyed all households in each village. <" 240 households were followed yearly to estimate trends of 21 outcomes (e.g., income, sociality, macronutrients). for each economic outcome, annual and all-years-combined gini coefficients were estimated for the entire sample across the 13 villages. we show a rise in total asset wealth, a change in asset composition (less traditional wealth, more commercial wealth), higher monetary value of foods eaten, and better-perceived health, but a decline in caloric and protein consumption and no marked gender differences in objective or hedonic measures of well-being. economic inequalities were non-trivial and showed no marked trend but varied between years; asset inequality varied less than income inequality. we document the value of longitudinal, locally grounded indexes of well-being to obtain a granular view of micro-level changes in well-being and the possible use of inequality in the consumption of calories and macronutrients as a valid proxy for income inequality in rural areas of the global south with tenuous links to the market economy. 15. title: status inequality and public goods authors: naveen bharathi, deepak malghan, sumit mishra, andaleeb rahman abstract: the association between social diversity and state-provided public goods is a central political economy problem. this paper highlights how status inequality is a distinct political channel when diverse groups are spatially segregated. social status impacts citizens� ability to petition the state successfully and modulates state favoritism or discrimination. we use data from nearly 600,000 indian villages to show that caste-based status inequality modifies the effect of diversity on local public goods politics. diversity only negatively impacts local public goods in units where lower-caste groups are numerically preponderant. such diversity deficit is further amplified when higher-caste groups numerically dominate larger administrative units and lower-caste groups are segregated. 16. title: can information intervention improve dietary quality? evidence from a randomized controlled trial in rural china authors: yi cui, qiran zhao, wei si, shenggen fan abstract: nutrition education interventions are widely used globally but with mixed results. we conducted a randomized controlled trial to examine the effects of a nutrition education and a precise message (awareness-raising) intervention on nutrition knowledge and dietary quality of households in rural china. treatment groups first received a lecture on the chinese food guide pagoda, and then all family members were measured for height and weight and informed of household overweight status. we analyzed 358 households before and after this intervention. participants in the treatment group increased their dietary knowledge by 6% and improved their dietary quality by 8% after the intervention. the intervention effects were stronger for households with more than 25% and 50% of overweight people. our study provides evidence that an intervention based on general nutrition information and delivery of a precise message to households can effectively improve dietary quality. our findings inform the food policy debate on whether nutrition information interventions are effective. furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effectiveness of a nutrition information intervention to improve dietary quality in rural china. 17. title: united nations peacekeeping operations and multilateral foreign aid: credibility of good governance authors: wakako maekawa abstract: does hosting un peacekeeping operations (un pkos) increase multilateral foreign aid inflows into civil war-affected countries? under what conditions do un pkos make multilateral foreign aid effective, enhancing governance quality? multilateral foreign aid agencies increasingly focus on good governance as an allocation criterion. however, multilateral aid assistance faces dilemmas when allocating aid since it undermines the credibility of government commitments to good governance. this study argues that un pkos mitigate such uncertainty by initiating democratization, capacity-building, and political participation while mitigating political violence, thereby increasing the multilateral aid inflows. in missions involving these initiations, multilateral aid effectively enhances governance quality. these arguments are tested using a sample of countries that have experienced civil wars between 1991 and 2009. the findings suggest that un pkos increase the multilateral aid inflows. moreover, increasing multilateral aid is more effective in improving the governance quality when missions have capacity-building or electoral tasks. 18. title: spatial education inequality for attainment indicators in sub-saharan africa and spillovers effects authors: marcos delprato, amita chudgar, alessia frola abstract: space plays a prominent role on educational inequalities. spatially proximate communities are likely to behave and perform similarly than spatially distant communities because educational processes, demand and supply factors, are often location specific within a country, with educational outcomes and educational inequalities being spatially dependent. yet, studies on monitoring education inequalities linked to sdg4 indicators have ignored the crucial role of spatial dependence and failed to look at granular educational inequality beyond standard urban/rural and country�s regions classifications. in this paper, we account for social dependence among communities to assess spatial education inequalities for the sub-saharan africa (ssa) region by relying on the geo-localisation of 16,000 communities for 29 countries based on dhs surveys. we use an array of education indicators across the lifecourse (completion rates from primary to tertiary) and measures of attainment and for risk of dropout (primary over-age), allowing us to measure how spatial dependence of educational outcomes changes at varying levels of education. we employ mapping, spatial correlations statistics and spatial regression models to account for the spatial dependence and endogeneity among communities� educational performance shaped by their contextual factors and to derive education spillovers. our study�s findings for the ssa region can be grouped as: space matters for communities educational performance, even after accounting for various community-level observables; educational spatial dependence operates more powerfully in marginalised communities; and that space matters indirectly through contextual factors of nearby communities in the form of educational externalities. the overreaching implication of our study is that commonly used geographical categories of rural�urban, or regions within countries are not adequate to address educational challenges and studies should place more emphasis on gis-based analysis. 19. title: bridging the gap: mobilization of multilateral development banks in infrastructure authors: leopoldo avell�n, arturo j. galindo, giulia lotti, juan pablo rodr�guez abstract: we explore how multilateral development banks (mdbs) can help to fill a large infrastructure financing gap in developing countries by indirectly mobilizing resources from other entities. the analysis focuses on more than 6,500 transactions in 2005�2020 to low-income developing and emerging markets from the infrastructure journal database. using granular data aggregated at the country-sector level, we analyze the dynamics of flows from different actors to different infrastructure sectors and control for a wide range of fixed effects. mdb lending significantly increases the inflows from other sources. cross-border and domestic resources are mobilized from the official and private sectors. results exhibit country heterogeneity. mobilization occurs in countries of all income levels though it decreases as a country�s income increases. in countries that use capital controls frequently, mobilization effects are undermined. when the 2008 global financial crisis hit, no difference in mobilization effects was found, unlike the covid-19 pandemic when mobilization effects were weakened. finally, we find evidence of complementarity between bilateral and multilateral financing in mobilizing resources. the findings survive a long battery of robustness checks, and no evidence of anticipation effects is found. 20. title: reducing energy poverty by nearly universal pension coverage of rural china authors: jianglong li, jinfeng gao, hongxun liu abstract: this paper estimates the causal effect of income change on reducing energy poverty by exploiting age-based eligibility for china�s new rural pension scheme (nrps) through a regression discontinuity (rd) design. more than one billion people worldwide live in energy poverty, and the situation is even more difficult in developing world. it is an important development challenge to reduce energy poverty, which could be further associated with health outcome, labor productivity, and educational achievements. while public policies that increase income for poor households are the most direct ways to reduce energy poverty, the reverse causality makes establishing a convincing causal link between income and energy poverty challenging. using the quasi-experimental variation in income induced by nrps, this paper addresses the endogeneity of income and examines the impact of exogenous sharp changes in income on energy consumption behaviors. the findings indicate substantial increases in modern energy consumption and sizable reductions in solid fuels (e.g., straw and fuelwood), suggesting that �windfall income� by pension coverage alleviates energy poverty. although individuals could anticipate the income shocks by pension coverage, the evidence suggests that they do not engage in anticipatory responses to smooth their consumption. further evidence shows that liquidity constraints may be the underlying mechanism for the lack of anticipatory responses in household energy consumption. besides reducing energy poverty, the results demonstrate that pension coverage leads to a decrease in elderly labor supply, an increase in subjective health and life satisfaction, and an increase in non-energy consumption, all of which are positively associated with the well-beings of senior citizens. we anticipate that the findings of this paper in the context of china may be extended to developing world which has been expected to set up targeted measures to tackle energy poverty in upcoming decades. 21. title: the economic impact of cgiar-related crop technologies on agricultural productivity in developing countries, 1961�2020 authors: keith o. fuglie, ruben g. echeverria abstract: the international agricultural research centers that comprise the cgiar got their start in the 1960s. they soon made major contributions to crop improvement in developing countries, particular in rice and wheat in asia. today, farmers can acquire new technologies from many sources, and evidence of whether the cgiar continues to play an important role in crop improvement has become dated. this paper brings together an expanded set of evidence on the diffusion and productivity impact of cgiar crop research through 2020, and breaks out these impacts by crop, region, and over time. by 2016�2020, cgiar-related crop technologies had been adopted on at least 221 million hectares across asia, africa and latin america, generating economic welfare gains of $47 billion annually. in the 2010s, technology adoption and welfare impacts were increasing by about $600 million annually, almost as much as in the 1990s. in the early days of the �green revolution,� these welfare impacts were largely confined to rice and wheat in asia, but in recent decades have grown to include a larger range of crops and geographies, notably cassava and maize in sub-saharan africa. although improved crop varieties have been the main technology through which cgiar crop centers have achieved these impacts, cgiar-related integrated pest management and natural resource management technologies have also made significant contributions to crop productivity. in addition to raising farm income, productivity gains in staple crops have lowered food prices, thereby benefitting the whole population. this is a key reason why agricultural productivity growth, and food crop productivity growth in particular, has had greater impacts on poverty reduction in low-income countries than comparable productivity growth in other sectors. 22. title: exposure to large-scale farms increases smallholders� competitive behavior and closes the gender gap authors: menusch khadjavi, kacana sipangule, rainer thiele abstract: we investigate how exposure to large-scale farms affects smallholders� competitive behavior. based on lab-in-the-field experimental measures covering more than 900 smallholders and 400 children in zambia, we find that smallholders who are traditionally dependent on subsistence agriculture behave more competitively when they are located close to large-scale farms. this effect is especially pronounced for female smallholders and closes the gender gap associated with competitiveness. this result replicates for their children. we identify female employment and shifting intra-household tasks as a possible mechanism. our results provide new insights for understanding how changes in societal arrangements like market integration influence economic behavior. 23. title: capital markets, temporary migration and entrepreneurship: evidence from bangladesh authors: laurent bossavie, joseph-simon g�rlach, �alar �zden, he wang abstract: this paper examines international temporary migration as an intermediary step among aspiring entrepreneurs to accumulate the needed capital when they face credit constraints at home. the analysis is based on a representative dataset of lifetime employment histories of return migrants from bangladesh. after establishing the credit constraints that potential entrepreneurs face, the paper shows that non-agricultural self-employment rates are significantly higher among returning migrants � over half versus around 20% of non-migrants. most migrants transition into self-employment by using their savings from abroad as the main source of financing. the paper then offers, for the first time, a detailed account of the financial costs and benefits of international migration. our findings suggest that temporary migration can contribute to structural transformation of lower-income countries by enabling credit-constrained workers to enter into non-agricultural entrepreneurship. 24. title: how peace saves lives: evidence from colombia authors: sergio perilla, mounu prem, miguel e. purroy, juan f. vargas abstract: the victimization of civilians and combatants during internal conflicts causes large socioeconomic costs. unfortunately, it is not clear whether peace negotiations can significantly reduce this burden. one key reason is the lingering presence of antipersonnel landmines, which are hidden underground and remain active for decades. looking at the recent experience of colombia, we quantify the number of lives saved by the reduction of landmine accidents and study the institutional conditions under which peace agreements can significantly reduce landmine victimization. our findings highlight the importance of: reduced counterinsurgency campaigns, post-conflict information sharing, comprehensive humanitarian mine clearance, and mine risk management campaigns. 25. title: revisiting the income inequality-crime puzzle authors: matteo pazzona abstract: the economics literature generally supports a positive theoretical link between income inequality and crime. however, despite this consensus, empirical evidence has struggled to yield definitive conclusions. to address this puzzle, i conducted a meta-analysis based on 1,341 estimates drawn from 43 studies in economics journals. the findings indicate a statistically significant but economically insignificant true effect of inequality on crime, ranging between 0.007 and 0.123 using uwls fat-pet and advanced methods. in essence, if there is an impact of inequality on crime, it is, at best, minimal. additionally, there is some limited evidence suggesting positive publication bias. results from bayesian model averaging reveal that inequality does not affect exclusively property crime, as predicted by the rational choice models. moreover, this analysis shows that inequality measures which are sensitive to changes in income at the middle and top of the distribution are associated with higher coefficients. the study also underscores the biases arising from the exclusion of relevant variables. the implications of this research suggest that inequality may not be the primary motivator for criminal behaviour, with other factors potentially playing more significant roles. lastly, if inequality does affect crime, it might do so in different ways than those discussed by the majority of the existing empirical studies. 26. title: aid effectiveness and donor motives authors: axel dreher, valentin lang, bernhard reinsberg abstract: a vast literature evaluates the effectiveness of development aid, often reaching sobering conclusions. we argue that a key shortcoming of this literature is the focus on a narrow concept of effectiveness�mostly economic growth�that does not match the kind of effectiveness that aid donors actually aim at. to determine actual donor motives, we first survey the literature on aid allocation and identify a large set of motives that is common to many donors. we then employ this set of donor motives for compiling a survey of the aid effectiveness literature by donor motive. the literature shows that while aid $%',/1235>��ʸʩʗ�ye]pb4h�u�h�u�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h!@�5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h�u�h�u�5�cjojqj^jajh�u�5�cjojqj^jaj#h�0h�05�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�u�h�u�5�cjojqj^jaj234�� p ��@��!�!@"g"l)m)��gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4�� o p y z ��̿層��~�p~brp~brpdhih�l$ojqj^jo(hvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(h��h��5�ojqj^jh�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(hj�5�ojqjo(hiht4ojqj^jo(h�u�h�u�ojqj^jhihj�ojqj^jo(ht45�ojqj^jo(h�u�h�u�5�ojqj^jhicy5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jhj�5�ojqj^jo(z ��?@ij��qdw�j<h�"�h%j,5�ojqj^jhs/�5�ojqj^jo(hihanojqj^jha^ha^ojqj^jh�)hto�ojqj^jo(hvi�hto�5�ojqj^jo(ha^ha^5�ojqj^jhto�hto�5�ojqj^jhto�hto�h�"�h�`�5�ojqj^jhto�5�ojqj^jo(h%j,5�ojqjo(hihu<�ojqj^jo(h��h��ojqj^jh��h��ojqj^j��!�!�!�!�!�!�!?"@"h"i"f"g"��񸫝��wi�[mi�[=hvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hvi�h�ps5�ojqj^jh�k�h�k�5�ojqj^jh�psh�ps5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�ps5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h%j,ojqj^jo(ha^ha^ojqj^jh�)h$?�ojqj^jo(hvi�h$?�5�ojqj^jo(ha^ha^5�ojqj^jh$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jg"p"q"k)l)m)n)p)v)w)�)�)�)*[*\*e*f*�.�.�.�.�.��ƚ��x�j�z��mƚ@�h|�5�ojqj^jo(h�#xh�#xojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hvi�hvi�5�ojqj^jhvi�hr7a5�ojqj^jh�#xh�#x5�ojqj^jhr7ahr7a5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr7a5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(h�k�h�k�ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jm)�)\*�.�.2/p/�5�5�6�6�>�>?e?�c�c!d5d�g�g�ghh�r�rs��gd�s�gd�_gdlz�gd�)ggd|�gd)w�gdr7a�.�.�.1/2/;/o/p/y/z/�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�6�6�6�6�6�6�6��ָ��vi[mi�?miָ�hvi�h�)g5�ojqj^jh�)gh�)g5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�)g5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(h�#xh�#xojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hvi�h|�5�ojqj^jh�#xh�#x5�ojqj^jh|�5�ojqj^jo(h|�h|�5�ojqj^j�6�6�>�>�>�>�>�>�>??$?d?e?n?o?�c�c�c�c�c�c��˾��y��i[�n�˾�@h�_h�_5�ojqj^jh%t�h%t�ojqj^jh$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hvi�hlz�5�ojqj^jh%t�h%t�5�ojqj^jhlz�5�ojqj^jo(hlz�hlz�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(h�#xh�#xojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(�c�c d!d*d4d5d>d?d�g�g�g�g�g�g�g�g�gh��幫��wj\nj@2nh[h�s�5�ojqj^jh'n5h'n55�ojqj^jh�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h#hh#hojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�_h�_5�ojqj^jhvi�h�_5�ojqj^jh#hh#h5�ojqj^jh�_5�ojqj^jo(hhghhhqhrh�r�r�r�r�r�r�rss$s%s8s9sbscscv��ŷ��vh��zhl��>�hih)w�ojqj^jo(h�9�h[5�ojqj^jh[h�s�5�ojqj^jh�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h'n5h'n5ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h'n5h'n55�ojqj^jh[h[5�ojqj^js9szy\y�ygzvbwbcc�c�k�k�k l-o.o�o�o�t�t>uvu�y�ybzyza��gd�7agd �gdmw�gd)w�gd�s�cv^xxyzy\y`ydypyry�y�y�yfzgzpzqzubvbwbxbyb[b��˾��vhz��o�b�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h[h�s�5�ojqj^jh'n5h'n55�ojqj^jh�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h�~�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h'n5h'n5ojqj^jh'n5h'n5ojqj^jo([babbbbccclc�c�c�c�cffhf�f�f�k�k�k�k�k�k�k��ָ��ti\ng9h �h �5�ojqj^jh �h �h�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h'n5h'n5ojqj^jh'n5h'n5ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h[hmw�5�ojqj^jh'n5h'n55�ojqj^jhmw�5�ojqj^jo(hmw�hmw�5�ojqj^j�k�k�k�k�kl lll,o-o.o0o2o8o9o�o�o�o��幫��wj\n�@0�h[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�]h�]5�ojqj^jh �h �5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h��h��ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh$?�h �5�ojqj^jo(hmw�h �5�ojqj^jh[h �5�ojqj^jh��h��5�ojqj^jh �5�ojqj^jo(�o�o�o�o�o�t�t�t�t�t�t�t=u>uguuuvu_u`u�y�y�y�y�y�y��ÿ��wiyki��>��hbhhbhojqj^jhmw�hjmi5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hbhhbh5�ojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h�]h�]ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�]h�]5�ojqj^j�y�yazbzkzxzyz�z�z`�a�b�d�f�l�m��巩��uhzl?1h�#�h�#�5�ojqj^jh�z25�ojqj^jo(h�z2h�z25�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h�r�h)w�ojqj^jo(h�?uh�?uojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh$?�h�7a5�ojqj^jo(hmw�h�7a5�ojqj^jh�r�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�?uh�?u5�ojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(a�b��>�?��ƈ��$�r�k�l�ܘ�2�4��ء�$�%�^�v��gd�^�gd�e=gd�z2gd)w��ɂ��=�>�?�a�c�i�j��ňƈψ��ŷ��vh�[m;�[mŷ"h�r�h)w�5�ojqj\�^jajhl�hl�5�ojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h�r�h)w�ojqj^jo(h�#�h�#�ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�#�h�#�5�ojqj^jh�z2h�z25�ojqj^jh�r�h�z25�ojqj^jψј��#�$�-�q�r�[�\�j�k�l�n��̾��w�g�yl>3�h�e=5�ojqjo(h�r�h�e=ojqj^jo(hrt�hrt�ojqj^jh}onh�e=ojqj^jo(h$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(hmw�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�r�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(hrt�hrt�5�ojqj^jh�e=5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�"�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hl�hl�ojqj^jhmkxh)w�ojqj^jo(n�p�v�w�ۘܘ�� !�0�2�4�8�<�h�j��~��ⱥ�ȫ��sh[��m;��m"h�r�h�e=5�ojqj\�^jajh�6�h�6�5�ojqj^jh�5�ojqj^jo(h�e=5�ojqjo(h�r�h�e=ojqj^jo(h9"kh9"kojqj^jh9"kh�e=ojqj^jo(h$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jh$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h�r�h�e=5�ojqj^jh9"kh9"k5�ojqj^jh�e=5�ojqj^jo(h�z2h�e=5�ojqj^jh�"�h�e=5�ojqj^j~��סء��'�(�#�$�%�'�)��ⱥ��նvh��atf��h�$h�^�ojqj^jo(h�$h�$ojqj^jh�$h�$hmw�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�r�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h�$h�$5�ojqj^jh�"�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�5�ojqj^jo(h�e=5�ojqjo(h�6�h�^�ojqj^jo(h�6�h�6�ojqj^jh�e=5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jh$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jo()�/�0�]�^�g�u�v��a�b�j�k�y�z��ָ�䝏�tf��xf��x��"h�r�h�e=5�ojqj\�^jajh�x�h�x�5�ojqj^jh�"�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�5�ojqj^jo(h�^�h�e=ojqj^jo(h� �h�^�ojqj^jo(h� �h� �ojqj^jh$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jh$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h�r�h�e=5�ojqj^jh� �h� �5�ojqj^jh�e=5�ojqj^jo(h�z2h�e=5�ojqj^jv��b�z�;�<��gd�gd)w�gd�e=gd�^�has a moderate effect on economic development at best, it seems effective in achieving many of the other effects primarily intended by aid donors. we conclude by speculating that future research on aid effectiveness will be more likely to identify significant effects of aid when taking donor motives into account. 27. title: the impact of firm downsizing on workers: evidence from ethiopia�s ready-made garment industry authors: morgan hardy, gisella kagy, eyoual demeke, marc witte, christian johannes meyer abstract: we analyze matched employee�employer data from ethiopia�s largest special economic zone during a period of downsizing pressure from the covid-19 world import demand shock. we observe substantial job displacement during the shock peak, particularly for new hires. these largely female and rural-to-urban migrants persistently �fall off the employment ladder�, remaining unemployed both within and outside the zone even after employers have recovered from the shock. we observe high levels of urban-centered food insecurity and depression symptoms during the crisis peak, regardless of employment status. our findings highlight the importance of social protection policies within export-oriented development strategies. ��:�;�<�>�@�f�g�� y�i��\n@8jhzxuhj<hj<5�ojqjo(hs�h�e=ojqj^jo(hs�hs�ojqj^jh$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(hmw�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�r�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(hs�hs�5�ojqj^jh�e=5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�"�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�5�ojqj^jo(h�x�hs�ojqjo(h�e=ojqj^juh�x�h�x�ojqj^j��hj<hj<5�ojqjo(jhzxuhzx01�82p��. ��a!�"�#��$��%��s��s2�� 0@p`p��2(�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p�� 0@p`p��8x�v~�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@pj_hmh nhsh thj`��jck�e$1$a$ cjkh_hajmh nhsh th$a ��$؞��k=�w[sobi��bnf�h�&��ŝ�]�6��ҩ��n=��in��a7��qb&>!"�h [�� lx�z)��w�v�og�%�ţ|8mă#�/��8��'��=��q�u*��c�`c�w{�d6��/�[��yl��%�� n� {�\�o�sm�/�~��i�bcax��/=xe��'5��&\�h�4da��,ye\}�)�l�a��r�^��*�z��y�v-wowz�n�]��:m�v�=t�c��w��r�b��*i�v�u�r��u��|�nc`�|��*^��pk! ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.rels��m �0��wooӻ�&݈э��5 6?$q�� ,.�a��i��c2�1h�:�q��m��@rn��;d�`��o7�g�k(m&$r(.1�r'j��њt��8��v�"��aȼ�h�u}��|�$�b{��p��8�g/]�qasم(��#��l�[��pk-!��[content_types].xmlpk-!�֧��60_rels/.relspk-!ky��theme/theme/thememanager.xmlpk-!��f��theme/theme/theme1.xmlpk-! ѐ��'� theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.relspk]� �� z g"�.�6�chcv[b�k�o�y��ψn�~�)��wyz[\^_`acdefgijklmstm)sa�v��x]bhn�@� @��h ��0�( � ��0�( � ��b �s�� ?�(.cgox]ckp-9��c j k r s y a h j q r z n!t!:"d"�"�"�#�#_$o$�%�%k t �,�,�,---�-�--242�2�2�23a5i5t5{5a:c:e:k:g>k>m>s>[>b>d>k>l>u>~>�>�>�>[a`auazaddhioi\m]mrnyngnmnvn}n�n�n�n�n�u��`�1_%v��nh{��q��u�3�d]-�z:kkkkn;�q0�<�?*�7��:a��^b� �l{��2h�(�#!�q��m4-cqrrs�4>�p]�sao-�?��yn�b~i�s�(��)ib��>!]�.�` rv:g&>!��}n!�l��2�"�0r��\�|�md-%;�blrbr]�a 6ji� ��vj�`�[jo 5j90�ry �:[� k 3q-r�jx 8i� tp� k�|�2~� ��y��k� ?i�� *�?=��#??*�@�4le�dw" ��z�g�kd�2�^e�-h�x�w��t�bs &�x�-z�y��w�i�>�:-��u kkkkdw" q�x�-h� k^r� �^�vxb� �=#�/y�pur �� 'ff�x-z�d�y�(��)fk{z��fv��-�p�'�e��4�!~q�2h`�?i��be��@��fk-<"��l�q�u��y/�x{��]^�~76=&�ikx��` [� ��rh&<�^��oc!��d{�/�"��[��h�2��d��t��w�8i� (f�tl(��}�t�a9�~�8��7l��4�";�g)n��p7v}g�xd|��&�h�w�a�g�b�u�d\*�)#jb�l�d� )r�}��w�gl$l��r�qh� v��/xcz.�^m~;�|p%�fzps7l�ps�#��<>)��s��vj��h5h 5� a�l[�x� xcz�be�yfdxl�y��raj>�n�cr%v��h�a9�� !`��}<�q�}q =�7y]��r�-��.��zf�7�� e�o[kh,~�hmpm~�mg�=�j��>m�?[%��'w�jo8�l�y2\gqwez ��p]74�`a��m�!�|z��z:�*��b!�g;cq�qq�h�nk^r a�x�t an�gap�y8��x��s�k��d��z��j�vzq��t\ ~��av'po�_m4�i�w��tkpb�` rq1��yn�pur �p}�� urep�&>!�z[fxx)!�b!x{�ec!�t�k��oc!�v�>b(p!� ]!�3�l��!nr�q�m�!�j#�g-�!�f�d�[z"�u&z�6'�"�zy�q �"ji�_��m�"� ]!�&�"�)��/�"|z�s\�"=v�g��~#�)9~��k#�� i3#�#?�=#�i\;�j#p%�sh�#��2k�#�|�#ry �ps�#pb��9�#�sa�d $��yj!4$�`�%�qg$�ep$�"e<@v�$:*�$�[��p�$�]'��?[>�?z]%�`�%vd�i1�%�lyk-,�%�,�=��l�%�z�@�x�%�!0��e&poq�bs &�b*&t�(6=&�'w�rh&2\�qp&nyvc��t�&��&�]'�ep$�tw�'~d:(�r�'�kl��>�'��5�l�'�taz��w(r�@�~d:(�_(it~tl(�x�,�dm�(�t�(�pi�(��]�a#�(�j�`�<>)^e��w)!,�f��)�l�%��)mq{�"*�^�i��le*^l�x�ne*n9��^�*�:8t��[? �v ��o�(s� qh� �`� q�f�� {p��c,@�i��#,�dq[mk, @p�qb,�d&d��,�>m��x�,�{u�,�@�q>,-�m4-rt�h�fk-�r�-�j�n�2@�-�ggc��-x*�y��->o.-dt��t�.��z]�.�x��<}7/d|��y/ds}��/: o=tj�/0�u0{z�o�!0�ran 0gy|�5j90�$�}�;1�0��efw2 �z��>2"o�m�29!"e�w�2�f\�h�2n�~�w�3ui�� 3dj�u�3��x@�4�;�4�d5��p�4@l�5h 5�^b^� -a5�pv5�d5tw�'��5��5md-�b�5i�d��v�5 -a5�a 6�`d�#6ghch�81�6�&7��6�a�r!�6q1��@�6xx�6)1:t�&7�x�\�~74\�7bd9t=r�7��gr f8c�]��jo8�~�8��8��b�n9?oi�q�9�a:�kx_�s�:kkkk�3�:�!�q�o";�4mjjo;�i\;�%�|c;�q��viu;�ru�;�~7�[u�u�`fr>�>�'i�>r]��v�>lrb�mt?<#iq!{�?p[5=�tf�?�t�&�?�*��o-�?�mt?�s�? u|3e�?�-x{�8�?�@}��*.}@��)��-�@�t�`�r�@g��z�@z]%hag;��:a�s6ay8��doahu�(�a�le*�&e�ana��.�an��a�$,&d]�l�d|1�q�i�dbl#g�>e�\��ez�v�n�e�v ��'�e�#�c�hfs�]�=bdf�^^n��z[f�y��f�"�o w~g� l`�#�g�{9=��g=v�g�o�t�{s h�-h�pv5p@h�og�ghch'\l��&�h�t�e�hoaq�!~q��y#%�q@gku�nr�q�q��qqg$�r)b;r�,�q��0hr�l��zwr� {r;1�0��y{r�i�r�� (u�r�$atxcs�#sw/�=fzps8ts)b;r��ts�#�g3%�s�{�s�;�4��g/t�4>�:8t�gn�bd9t]z[t� �m��td $�`�t�s��,!u�rdi�@gku�u0 g�u��uxcs>�uc;�rxyyv�d�^�v4�o�v�j$w�w�w�6�x�m�2:3�x�q�y��x�3�:��o�x�#s^l�x\<�jg�xq>,- q�x�}<��x_/,j�zy��t��`-y<myv��q�yv^mc��y<z�&xfk{z�kd �zhp��[�enx�:[�=�^�` [�0�[(>y��f\�?\i�(��\�m��x�\~�f<1/�\�s��7y]�>aqs�]��c�]hv�i��]viu;�]^ph$^�^b^�`.�^�=�^�1_�kx_�a9�ji�_l{�� !`�qb,�� l`�y`� ��t�`�=�}�j�`�qq��u�`�>�`_m�t a��&na[mk,�9a��q��a��5��>�asq�y�3j�a�zwr�a�t�3b@�z��)ib�u~b1�h��u�b�~#�%;�b@v�$03cd.�b�ggcg-�!�va�c�^��c(�a�u�c�0hr��#�c�j$wvd0q|�`d�d&d�@�m�f�d,-�zn�d�|�#�9!"e2k�#�g e�/e� *^ee��l\e�>e��eme�hgqwe�u �t�edu�efd��&fji�,\f<}7/��zfs{tq�f3%�s!,�fqx{~�fxx�6�a�f6�f<z�bl#g�^blkqg�j9r��g8|k=�z�g�-9h�k?oi�u�<mebi�rdi�b*&��b~i�y{r4�i�`-y�^�ix�u�nf�i�~7djtj�/v,�j�8�?w�j�`�t�=�j�4�q\<�j�dk�g�tkzl!{�?�klv:g��3�l<|�<ie�lj l�^(m��k��.�mz*�ma�� m�hn�y`�gn��!�g)nfr>��^^nv��,mn�kj>�nh#�n�gv'po� ��"�o�"�o6gp�e�oh��.�o�r��v�omg��o]z[thptf�?(ap(s� @p�[? bep=r�7�c�p�qp&��dq�vzq� �<#iq�!�q� ��qq =��,�q�w�#!�q{s h�4�q�a�f�l�q|1�q6s�~r�q3q-rie�l��j9r �3�c;�rn[g� �r�-�@�y0�sb(p!��s{fm-dt�y�)1:to �v�$at�6�x� 0w?0w?0w?0w?�.�t�/e��t(ap�}�t�o�t�u2�&xph$^�enx[�x,mnf�x&xn �x�0�<�=.y6�f�� oyrgox*�y�x�u��yd]-sq�y7��yxl�y�t�.��y];yw��y�w��u&z�*n{��tazr=��whkzjx �.tzji��z@�z�.�o��z�`�o��%�z�q�wv{�nh{$,&d�*n{�s�?mq{ hr{��6�jbs{�-x{qx{�@�6m�{�d��0q|�~�vgy|��s� u|�[|�w)�\�| w~g;�|�g ek�|�.�t�y>�|b�5�ds}xyyv�p}�r>�$�}dm�(�m�}j<�v��=�}jbs{�q�}\ ~�=�h,~03c��)9~whkzit~�;�~j{�~0�n�n�~l�s{t�<(>y\*�4e�z �j�{p�4\�7��(k�i��x��m�j��[w�3`2 r� �p j^�n�_a^ati�wb��.[c�]p"�0h j<sh�t�@o>s�l!�r#�$�l$�}&�m'�m(�)�g)%j,�p.�i/�2�z2'4t4'n5.6�6*8;i8cj8�9�i;�e=k&>e!@jj@`6ar7a�ec�nd�udvf#h0i4tj�k9"kul%man@zn�5ocnq�%smkxzxgy�py�]�^ro_5a�7ahc 2e�lf�qf�)gbhxbijmi�ckalthllmnnm}on[r�ps�?u0@ui1vyw�#xicyot|�x}�/�f�wt��u�mw��=��=��`�j�nj��x��9�l�.~�v�=h��j��~�du�� =i�fj�to�4��m��2�)w��l�lz��c�7��u<�[��t��r��l�cb��k��^�v��6��\�� a�vi�s�|w�r��$?��n�� !�s/��8�*��-��_�$-��#��f�><��f��r�rt��c�7"��s�?5��"�gl�bj��h��-��u^� ��"�l%�w�p�!@�%t�2��y��e�`-�|� ��@�|7 7 kmknkzk[k�k�1��@��(@�x��@�f��@��<@��@��unknown��g��.�[x� �times new roman5��symbol3.��.�[x� �arial7.��[ @�verdanaa��$b�cambria math;��(�[sosimsun 1��h;"�f:|�g�d�h� t �h� t !-!),.:;?]}�� & 6"0000 00 00000�� =�@�\�]�^��([{� 0 000000��;�[�� 2�q��hp��?��"�2!xx��g�.��userlib-x�� oh�� '��0t�� (4<dl�usernormallib-x181microsoft office word@x��1@�y��\�@�� h�� ՜.�� ,��0� x`t|��microsoft t�� !"#$%&'()* ,-./0123456789:;<=>?@abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstu��wxyz{|}��root entry�� f@�u��data ��v1table��~xworddocument��2�summaryinformation(��documentsummaryinformation8��compobj��n�� fmicrosoft word 97-2003 �ĵ� msworddocword.document.8�9�q