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volume 51, issue 6, july 2022
1. title: gender differences in the determinants of becoming a professor in germany. an event history analysis of academic psychologists from 1980 to 2019
authors: mark lutter, isabel m. habicht, martin schr�der
abstract: theories on gender bias argue that women in academia benefit less from their academic achievements than men do; women, as a result, show lower rates of success in becoming tenured professors. based on longitudinal data from cvs of virtually all psychologists in german academia, we analyze factors that lead to a first permanent professorship in german psychology departments. we find no overall gender differences in getting a tenured position when considering all psychologists and holding research productivity and other observable factors constant. among currently tenured professors, women show a 32% higher chance of having gotten tenure than men. interaction effects reveal that women's publishing or signaling investments are not devalued when they try to obtain tenure. we particularly find that women benefit more from their scholarly publications than men do. hence, we find no support for gender bias or devaluation of women's academic achievements.
2. title: does green public procurement trigger environmental innovations?
authors: bastian krieger, vera zipperer
abstract: green public procurement has gained high political priority and is argued to be an effective demand-side policy to trigger environmental innovations. however, the empirical evidence on its innovation impact is limited. we construct a novel firm-level dataset to investigate the effect of winning public procurement tenders with additional environmental award criteria on firms� introduction of environmental innovations. employing cross-sectional difference-in-differences methods, we find that winning public procurement awards with environmental selection criteria increases a firm's probability of introducing more environmentally friendly products on average by 20 percentage points. we show that this effect is driven by small and medium-sized firms and is not statistically significant for larger firms. furthremore, there is no statistically significant effect on the introduction of more environmentally friendly processes.
3. title: subsidized r&d collaboration: the causal effect of innovation vouchers on innovation outcomes
authors: marco kleine, jonas heite, laura rosendahl huber
abstract: we study the causal effect of subsidized r&d collaboration on external collaborations and innovation outcomes of small and medium-sized enterprises (smes). in particular, we make use of a randomized controlled trial to analyze the effect of a nationwide innovation voucher scheme in the united kingdom that grants smes across all industries financial support of up to 5,000 gbp for engaging the services of experts, e.g., from universities, research institutes or ip advisors, when pursuing an innovation-related project. our results show that the innovation voucher program has an immediate, short-term impact on the execution of these innovation projects with positive effects on product and service development, internal processes, and intellectual property protection. however, we also observe that these results fade out quite quickly, i.e., two years after the intervention many effects caused by the innovation voucher program have disappeared. based on our results, we also provide some practical guidance to further improve the effectiveness of voucher programs.
4. title: non-competes and innovation: evidence from medical devices
authors: fenglong xiao
abstract: despite two decades of research on non-competes, whether non-competes promote or inhibit innovation remains an open question. the lack of consensus rests on not only the theoretical ambiguity but also the empirical limitations. marshalling data on introductions of new medical devices as the direct measure of innovations in the medical devices industry and decomposing innovations according to their exploitative or exploratory natures, this work shows that an increase in the enforceability of noncompetes is associated with a higher rate of exploitative innovations and a lower rate of exploratory innovations. further analysis shows that through such a shift of attention in the innovation process, an increase in the enforceability of non-competes results in a higher rate of total innovations. the implications and caveats of the enforcement of non-competes for stimulating innovation are discussed.
5. title: policy mixes for business model innovation: the case of off-grid energy for sustainable development in sub-saharan africa
authors: philipp a. trotter, aoife brophy
abstract: business model innovation (bmi) is often complementary to technological innovation and offers novel and sustainable value creation opportunities. enabling bmi through policy is difficult, however, and not yet well understood in practice or theory. we build on the quickly evolving literature on policy mixes to develop a theoretical model which explains how policy strategies and instruments shape the conditions for bmi. we derive the model inductively by studying the emergence of an off-grid renewable energy bmi in sub-saharan africa which proposes to actively create sustainable development in rural areas as opposed to merely increase energy access, drawing from 61 interviews with companies and industry experts as well as policy documents across six african countries. our model has three core theoretical implications. first, focusing on policy strategies, policy instruments and their respective interactions, we uncover a set of mechanisms that explain how policy mix elements combine to create conducive conditions for bmi. second, we shed light on the role of multiple objectives and goals within a policy mix for fostering bmi, which, if balanced appropriately, can create a productive tension between support and constraints. third, we suggest the distinction between sector-specific and society-wide policy mixes as an analytical tool to study these tensions in policy mix research.
6. title: green innovation and financial performance: a study on italian firms
authors: efi vasileiou, nikolaos georgantzis, giuseppe attanasi, patrick llerena
abstract: as the environmental agenda gains momentum all over the world, enterprises face the challenge of combining economic and environmental goals. an obvious, recurrent, and yet not fully answered question is whether, and under which circumstances, an improvement in a firm's environmental performance leads to higher profits. looking at innovation data, the present study, addresses the question whether environmental innovation (ei) is synergic with other types of innovation. to this aim, we separately consider the competitive gains from efficiency increases and cost savings due to different types of environmental innovations (ei) affecting the supply and the demand sides of a firm's activity. using the italian cis dataset (2006�2008), we identify synergic interactions between ei and some but not all other types of innovation.
7. title: heterogeneous firms and cluster externalities: how asymmetric effects at the firm level affect cluster productivity
authors: cornelis w. haasnoot, albert de vaal
abstract: when firms are heterogeneous, externalities within clusters can affect firms asymmetrically. these asymmetries at the firm level lead to a productivity effect at the cluster level that has been overlooked thus far. we develop a heterogeneous firm model where firms with different productivity levels decide how much to invest in market survival. with this model, we find a differentiation between high-productivity firms investing in market survival and low-productivity firms not investing in market survival. cluster externalities alter the optimal market survival investment of firms, which in turn affects both cluster composition and cluster-level outcomes. by focusing on cluster productivity and assuming that cluster externalities take the form of knowledge spillovers, we find that the effect on the cluster depends on the particular type of knowledge spillovers. using modelling outcomes and an extensive numerical simulation, we show that knowledge spillovers that reduce the cost of investment benefit investing, high-productivity firms and increase cluster productivity. by contrast, knowledge spillovers that imply that non-investing, low-productivity firms can free ride on the efforts of investing firms tend to reduce cluster productivity. we discuss ramifications for research on clusters and cluster policy, highlighting the importance of industry and knowledge spillover characteristics.
8. title: how artificial intelligence technology affects productivity and employment: firm-level evidence from taiwan
authors: chih-hai yang
abstract: the effects of the rapid development of artificial intelligence (ai), a general-purpose technology, on firm performance is an emerging and crucial issue. this study examines the impact of ai technology on firms� productivity and employee profiles. we use the keyword-matching method to parse the text of taiwan patent grants, and obtain matched firm-level data on ai innovations in taiwan's electronics industry for the 2002�2018 period. empirical estimations indicate that ai technology is positively associated with productivity and employment. meanwhile, non-ai patents also generate pro-productivity and pro-employment effects with a magnitude similar to that of ai technology. inventing ai technologies crucially alters firms� workforce compositions, which reduce the share of labor force with educational qualifications of college level and below. robustness checks reaffirm these findings.
9. title: from mainstream to niche: how value regimes shift in emerging economy upgrading
authors: stephan manning
abstract: efforts of emerging economies to upgrade into global market capabilities are often conceptualized as either discrete choices or ongoing experiments. mediating between these perspectives, this study uses the concepts of value regime and economic imaginary to examine micro-dynamics in upgrading. based on the case of global business services in kenya and south africa, this study shows that upgrading efforts center around mainstream or niche value regimes which align local resources with specific demands and which are guided by economic imaginaries. these are shared theories of value creation and upgrading success which are linked to global discourses and which legitimize certain local investments while hindering others. findings show how both kenya and south africa initially followed mainstream imaginaries according to which meeting global standards attracts clients and helps achieve scalable success. misalignments with material realities later promoted niche imaginaries which focus on the value of local specificity and exclusiveness and which promoted the rise of impact sourcing and specialty services. findings indicate how the interplay of material and discursive processes affects upgrading dynamics.
10. title: alliance-to-acquisition transitions: the technological performance implications of acquiring one's alliance partners
authors: killian j mccarthy, hendrik leendert aalbers
abstract: drawing on organizational learning theory, we investigate the technological performance implications of acquiring one's alliance partners. we do so using a sample of 252 firms in four high tech industries, who jointly announced 2,398 acquisitions and filed 125,440 new patent applications, in the period of our analysis. we argue a history of collaboration will allow the acquirer to more easily identify and absorb the target's knowledge, and show that the share of �alliance-to-acquisition transitions�, in the total set of the firm's acquisitions, increases the firm's inventive quantity. we also argue that a history of collaboration reduces the opportunity to encounter unknown and unexpected knowledge, which will affect both the type and quality of invention. we find support for the former, and show that the share of alliance-to-acquisition transitions increases the firms exploitative tendencies. in terms of the latter, we find a weak relationship between the share of transitions and overall patent quality, but find that the share of transitions does not affect the number of high quality breakthrough inventions. in so doing, we provide new insights, relevant to the acquisition literature, the literature on transitional governance, and the literature on organisational learning, and position alliance-to-acquisition transitions as a mechanism for altering the firm's technology production function.
11. title: causality and explanation in socio-technical transitions research: mobilising epistemological insights from the wider social sciences
authors: frank w. geels
abstract: in response to criticisms about the status of causal explanation in socio-technical transitions research, this article elaborates the epistemological underpinnings of this emerging research field, mobilising insights from the wider social sciences where foundational debates have started to transform the understanding of causality and explanation. the article shows that socio-technical transitions are a special kind of research topic with phenomenological characteristics that pose challenges for mainstream explanatory formats and therefore warrant particular approaches to causality and explanation. it first discusses three philosophical positions on causality and explanation (positivism, pragmatism, critical realism), and concludes that critical realism is most suited to address phenomenological characteristics of socio-technical transitions. elaborating the critical realist approach, the article then discusses the relevance of complex causalities (especially conjunctural, configurational, and event-chain causality) for explaining transitions and how existing transition frameworks (mlp, tis, snm) can improve their use of these causalities. the article subsequently discusses the role of theories in explanations (including heuristic roles), and the relevance of conceptual frameworks, causal mechanisms, process tracing and narrative explanation in socio-technical transitions research. theoretical and methodological suggestions for improving transition research are provided throughout.
12. title: assessing the effects of a deliberate policy mix: the case of technology and innovation advisory services and innovation vouchers
authors: annalisa caloffi, marzia freo, stefano ghinoi, marco mariani, federica rossi
abstract: while innovation policy mixes combining several policy instruments have been advocated as a response to complex problems, there is very little evidence of their effectiveness compared to that of individual instruments. by considering a set of italian regional policy programmes implemented in 2011�2014, we analysed a policy mix composed of: (i) technology and innovation advisory services, the aim of which is to help small and medium enterprises (smes) to gain a better awareness of their innovation needs and of how to address them; and (ii) innovation vouchers, which are used to subsidise sme purchases of knowledge-intensive services. to draw causal inferences on their differential effectiveness, we adopted a propensity-score-matching approach extended to multiple treatment levels.
we found that advisory services are more effective than innovation vouchers and as effective as policy mixes in increasing sme propensity to innovate and engage in r&d collaborations. conversely, policy mixes are more effective than each individual instrument in increasing productivity. hence, merely providing smes with technology and innovation advice is not sufficient to elicit productivity improvements; smes also need to act on such advice by working with external providers of knowledge-intensive services in order to implement efficiency-producing changes.
13. title: state ownership and technology adoption: the case of electric utilities and renewable energy
authors: bjarne steffen, valerie karplus, tobias s. schmidt
abstract: technology adoption is crucial to address pressing public policy issues such as climate change, but the role of ownership structure in adoption decisions is not well understood. the low-carbon energy transition in the electricity industry is a case in point. following market liberalization, the electricity industry in many countries is now characterized by a co-existence of state-owned and private utilities. we bring together the economic literatures on innovation and ownership to derive hypotheses of how ownership could affect renewable energy adoption by utilities. focusing on data from incumbent utilities in the european union (eu) during 2005�2016, we test these hypotheses using regression analyses and qualitative analysis of investment rationales for ten utilities. results suggest that in the eu, state-owned utilities have a higher tendency to invest in renewables. we find evidence that state ownership interacts with the existence of pro-adoption policies and state enforcement capabilities. based on our findings, we discuss broader implications for the role of state-owned enterprises in technological change in the energy sector and beyond.
14. title: the effects of technology standards on complementor innovations: evidence from the ietf
authors: wen wen, chris forman, sirkka l jarvenpaa
abstract: enabling technologies are increasingly important with the arrival of the internet of things, blockchain, and 5g networks. they offer numerous opportunities for firms to build complementary innovations across a range of application areas, and the firms who produce them are often called complementors. we argue that standards are critical for encouraging complementor's high-impact innovations, because such standards play a significant role in reducing both technological uncertainty and legal uncertainty. our empirical results, based on data drawn from the internet engineering task force (ietf), show that complementors are more likely to obtain high-impact innovations in technological fields that have more standards. more importantly, this effect varies based on the downstream capabilities of developers of enabling technologies and the downstream capabilities of complementors. the standards created by vertically integrated developers have a stronger effect on facilitating high-impact innovations by complementors than the standards created by specialist developers. meanwhile, the effect of standards is stronger for specialist complementors than for vertically integrated complementors. overall, our results have important implications for understanding the effect of standards on innovational complementarity around enabling technologies and how different actors in the ecosystem shape these effects.
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