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volume 41, issue 1, winter 2022
1. title: consequences of administrative burden for social safety nets that support the healthy development of children
authors: carolyn j. heinrich, sayil camacho, sarah clark henderson, m�nica hern�ndez, ela joshi
abstract: through the lens of administrative burden and ordeals, we investigate challenges that low-income families face in accessing health and human services critical for their children's healthy development. we employ a mixed methods approach�drawing on administrative data on economically disadvantaged children in tennessee, publicly available data on resource allocations and expenditures, and data collected in purposive and randomly sampled interviews with public and nonprofit agencies across the state�to analyze the distribution of resources relative to children's needs and provide rich descriptions of the experiences of organizations striving to overcome administrative burdens and support families. we also scrutinize the place-based resource deserts and environmental contexts of resource gaps and deficiencies in public policies governing the distribution of public resources that exacerbate administrative burdens and inequities in access to public resources. our insights into the costs imposed on individuals and organizations and how they impede or spill over into other aspects of organizational work point to specific state and local program and policy changes that could be implemented to address resource constraints and alleviate burdens on organizations and poor families.
2. title: the effect of public health insurance on criminal recidivism
authors: erkmen g. aslim, murat c. mungan, carlos i. navarro, han yu
abstract: mental health and substance use disorders are highly prevalent among incarcerated individuals. many prisoners reenter the community without receiving any specialized treatment and return to prison with existing behavioral health problems. we consider a beckerian law enforcement theory to identify different channels through which access to healthcare may impact ex-offenders� propensities to recidivate, and empirically estimate the effect of access to public health insurance on criminal recidivism. by exploiting variation in state medicaid expansion decisions, we find that increased access to healthcare through medicaid coverage reduces recidivism among offenders convicted of violent and public order crimes. the decomposition of recidivism rates shows that this reduction is driven by marginal recidivists who, but for medicaid expansions, would be reconvicted for the type of crime for which they were previously convicted. analyses of potential mechanisms show an increase in criminal justice referrals to addiction treatment, which may reduce impulsive behavior. back-of-the-envelope calculations also indicate that there are substantial cost reductions from providing medicaid coverage to former inmates.
3. title: high-skilled immigration and the labor market: evidence from the h-1b visa program
authors: patrick s. turner
abstract: this paper investigates the effect of high-skilled immigration on the wages of u.s.-born college graduates. descriptive evidence suggests that workers with different college majors compete in separate labor markets. because immigrants are more likely than natives to study science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (stem), a standard labor market model predicts that the relative wages of native stem majors should fall as skilled immigration increases. using an iv strategy that leverages large changes in the cap of h-1b visas and controls for major- and age-specific unobservable characteristics, i find that workers most exposed to increased competition from immigration have lower wages than one would expect. a 10-percentage point increase in a skill group's immigrant-native ratio decreases their relative wages by 1 percent. overall, i estimate that the stem wage premium decreased 4 to 12 percentage points from 1990 to 2010 because of immigration.
4. title: potential race and gender biases in high-stakes teacher observations
authors: jason a. grissom, brendan bartanen
abstract: classroom observations are the largest component of evaluation ratings given to teachers in the multiple-measure evaluation systems states have implemented in the last decade. using data from the first eight years of tennessee's teacher evaluation system, we document race and gender gaps in observation ratings and ask whether these gaps reflect true differences in instructional effectiveness. white and female teachers receive, on average, 0.15 standard deviations (sd) and 0.30 sd higher observation ratings than their black and male colleagues. gaps persist even conditional on other measures of teachers� effectiveness, such as value-added to student test scores or student attendance, consistent with potential bias. the black�white gap is largest in schools where black teachers are racially isolated and is partly explained by black teachers� propensity to be assigned less advantaged students within their schools. teachers receive somewhat higher ratings from raters of the same race. we find no same-gender rater effects and, beyond score differences associated with grade and subject taught, uncover few explanations for the large advantage women see in observation ratings. our results suggest the need for steps to address bias in evaluation processes to ensure the accuracy of evaluation feedback and fair, equitable treatment of teachers in evaluation and staffing actions that rely on it.
5. title: evaluating education governance: does state takeover of school districts affect student achievement?
authors: beth e. schueler, joshua f. bleiberg
abstract: local school boards have primary authority for running educational systems in the u.s., but little is known empirically about the merits of this arrangement. state takeovers of struggling districts represent a rare alternative form of educational governance and have become an increasingly common response to low performance. however, limited research explores whether this effectively improves student outcomes. we track all takeovers nationwide from the late 1980s, when the first takeovers occurred, through 2016 and describe takeover districts. while these districts are low performing, we find academic performance plays less of a role in predicting takeover for districts serving larger concentrations of african american students. we then use a new data source allowing for cross-state comparisons of student outcomes to estimate the effect of takeovers that occurred between 2011 and 2016. on average, we find no evidence that takeover generates academic benefits. takeover appears to be disruptive in the early years of takeover, particularly to english language arts achievement, although the longer-term effects are less clear. we also observe considerable heterogeneity of effects across districts. takeovers were least effective in districts with higher baseline achievement and least harmful in majority-hispanic communities. leaders should be cautious about using state takeover without considering local context and a better understanding of why some takeovers are more effective than others.
6. title: the trade-off between work and education: evidence from public transportation penetration to arab towns in israel
authors: aamer abu-qarn, shirlee lichtman-sadot
abstract: disadvantaged communities are often geographically segregated from employment and higher education opportunities. increasing access can entail substantial welfare gains, but this can also affect the trade-off faced by young adults between investing in higher education and working for pay. we evaluate the introduction of bus services to arab towns in israel, which substantially and differentially increased access either to work only or to work and higher education opportunities among a disadvantaged population. exploiting the variation that different bus line connections created in the cost of accessing higher education institutions, we find that young adult male responses are consistent with a trade-off between investing in higher education and working for pay. for females, our results are less clear-cut and while there is evidence of responses in terms of the probability of currently studying, we do not observe sufficiently concise labor market responses. our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for potential reductions in educational attainment when expanding work opportunities to disadvantaged communities.
7. title: skipping the bag: the intended and unintended consequences of disposable bag regulation
authors: tatiana homonoff, lee-sien kao, javiera selman, christina seybolt
abstract: regulation of goods associated with negative environmental externalities may decrease consumption of the targeted product, but may be ineffective at reducing the externality itself if close substitutes are left unregulated. we find evidence that plastic bag bans, the most common disposable bag regulation in the u.s., led retailers to circumvent the regulation by providing free thicker plastic bags, which are not covered by the ban. in contrast, a regulation change that replaced the ban with a small tax on all disposable bags generated large decreases in disposable bag use and overall environmental costs. our results suggest that narrowly defined regulations (such as plastic bag bans) may be less effective than policies that target a more comprehensive set of products, even in the case when the policy instrument itself (a tax rather than a ban) is not as strict.
8. title: internal and external validity of the comparative interrupted time-series design: a meta-analysis
authors: jared coopersmith, thomas d. cook, jelena zurovac, duncan chaplin, lauren v. forrow
abstract: this paper meta-analyzes 12 heterogeneous studies that examine bias in the comparative interrupted time-series design (cits) that is often used to evaluate the effects of social policy interventions. to measure bias, each cits impact estimate was differenced from the estimate derived from a theoretically unbiased causal benchmark study that tested the same hypothesis with the same treatment group, outcome data, and estimand. in 10 studies, the benchmark was a randomized experiment and in the other two it was a regression-discontinuity study. analyses revealed the average standardized cits bias to be between "0.01 and 0.042 standard deviations; and all but one bias estimate from individual studies fell within 0.10 standard deviations of its benchmark, indicating that the near zero mean bias did not result from averaging many large single study differences. the low mean and generally tight distribution of individual bias estimates suggest that cits studies are worth recommending for future causal hypothesis tests because: (1) over the studies examined, they generally resulted in high internal validity; and (2) they also promise high external validity because the empirical tests we synthesized occurred across a wide variety of settings, times, interventions, and outcomes.
9. title: determinants of small business reopening decisions after covid restrictions were lifted
authors: dylan balla-elliott, zo� b. cullen, edward l. glaeser, michael luca, christopher stanton
abstract: the covid-19 pandemic led to dramatic economic disruptions, including government-imposed restrictions that temporarily shuttered millions of american businesses. we use a nationwide survey of thousands of small business owners to establish three main facts about business owners� decisions to reopen at the end of the lockdowns. first, roughly 60 percent of firms planned to reopen within days of the end of legal restrictions, suggesting that the lockdowns were generally binding for businesses�although nearly 30 percent expected to delay their reopening by at least a month. second, decisions to delay reopenings did not seem to be driven by concerns about employee or customer health; even businesses in high-proximity sectors with the highest health risks generally reported intentions to reopen as soon as regulations allowed. third, pessimistic demand projections primarily explain delays among firms that could legally reopen. owners expected demand to be one-third lower than before the crisis throughout the pandemic. using experimentally induced shocks to perceived demand, we find that a 10 percent decline in expected demand results in a 1.5 percentage point (8 percent) increase in the likelihood that firms expected to remain closed for at least one month after being legally able to open. we use follow-up surveys to cross-validate expectations with realized outcomes. overall, our results suggest that governments set more stringent guidelines for reopening than what many businesses would have selected, suggesting that governments may have internalized costs of contagion that businesses did not.
10. title: to what extent does in-person schooling contribute to the spread of covid-19? evidence from michigan and washington
authors: dan goldhaber, scott a. imberman, katharine o. strunk, bryant g. hopkins, nate brown, erica harbatkin, tara kilbride
abstract: in this paper we use data from michigan and washington on covid case rates at the county level linked to information on the instructional modality offered by local public school districts during the 2020/2021 school year to assess the relationship between modality and covid spread. we focus primarily on covid case rates, but also provide estimates for hospitalizations (in washington only) and deaths. district and month fixed effects models that exploit within-district (over time) variation in instructional modality and account for time-invariant district factors show that, in both states, in-person/hybrid schooling relative to remote instruction can lead to increases in covid spread in communities with moderate to high levels of preexisting covid cases. event study estimates show sharp increases in michigan case rates after a district opens for in-person or hybrid schooling, but these largely fade out over two months.
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11. title: cradle to kindergarten: a new plan to combat inequality, second edition, by chaudry, ajay, morrissey, taryn, weiland, christina, and yoshikawa, hirokazu, new york, ny: the russel sage foundation, 2021, 284 pp., $29.95 paperback.
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abstract: the article reviews the book �cradle to kindergarten: a new plan to combat inequality� by ajay chaudry, taryn morrissey, and hirokazu yoshikawa.
12. title: the global rise of the modern plug-in electric vehicle: public policy, innovation and strategy by graham, john d., edward elgar publishing, 2021, 489 pp., $157.50 (elgar online).
authors: bradley w. lane
abstract: the article reviews the book �the global rise of the modern plug-in electric vehicle: public policy, innovation and strategy� by john d. graham.
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