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volume 60, issue 8, june 2023
1. title: urban public health emergencies and the covid-19 pandemic. part 1: social and spatial inequalities in the covid-city
authors: scott orford, yingling fan, philip hubbard
abstract: covid-19 has had unprecedented impacts on urban life on a global scale, representing the worst pandemic in living memory. in this introduction to the first of two parts of a special issue on urban public health emergencies, we suggest that the covid-19 outbreak, and associated attempts to manage the pandemic, reproduced and ultimately exacerbated the social and spatial divides that striate the contemporary city. here, we draw on evidence from the papers in part 1 of the special issue to summarise the uneven urban geographies of covid-19 evident at the inter- and intra-urban level, emphasising the particular vulnerabilities and risks borne by racialised workers who found it difficult to practise social distancing in either their home or working life. considering the interplay of environmental, social and biological factors that conspired to create hotspots of covid-19 infection, and the way these are connected to the racialised capitalism that underpins contemporary urban development, this introduction suggests that reflection on public health emergencies in the city is not just essential from a policy perspective but helps enrich theoretical debates on the nature of contemporary urbanisation in its �planetary� guise.
2. title: critical commentary: the city and the virus
authors: max nathan
abstract: cities around the world are the epicentres of the coronavirus pandemic: both in the first wave, as the disease spread from east asia, and now, as many countries enter a third wave of infections. these spatial patterns are still far from properly understood, though there is no shortage of possible explanations. i set out the emerging theories about cities� role in the spread of coronavirus, testing these against existing studies and new analysis for english conurbations, cities and towns. both reveal an urbanised public health crisis, in which vulnerabilities and health impacts track (a) urban structural inequalities, and (b) wider weaknesses in institutions, their capabilities and leaders. i then turn to �post-pandemic� visions of future cities. i argue that this framing is unhelpful: even with mass vaccination, covid-19 is likely to remain one of many globalised endemic diseases. instead, �pandemic-resilient� urban places will require improved economic, social and physical infrastructure, alongside better public policy. describing such future cities is still highly speculative: i identify five zones of change.
3. title: critical commentary: beyond growth and density: recentring the demographic drivers of urban health and risk in the global south
authors: james duminy
abstract: debates within urban studies concerning the relationship between urbanisation and infectious disease focus on issues of urban population growth, density, migration and connectivity. however, an effective long-term risk and wellbeing agenda, without which the threat of future pandemics cannot be mitigated, must also take account of demographic forces and changes as critical drivers of transmission and mortality risk within and beyond cities. a better understanding of the dynamics of fertility, mortality and changing age structures � key determinants of urban decline/growth in addition to migration � provides the foundation upon which healthier cities and a healthy global urban system can be developed. the study of how basic demographic attributes and trends are distributed in space and how they interact with risks, including those of infectious disease, must be incorporated as a priority into a post-covid-19 urban public health agenda. this perspective concurs with recent debates in urban studies emphasising the demographic drivers of urban change. moreover, it raises critical questions about the microbial and environmental emphasis of much research on the interface of urban health and governance.
4. title: population density and sars-cov-2 pandemic: comparing the geography of different waves in the netherlands
authors: willem boterman
abstract: the covid-19 pandemic has boosted public and scholarly debate about the relationship between infectious disease and the urban. cities are considered contagious because they are hubs in (inter)national networks and contain high densities of people. however, the role of the urban and population density in the spread of pathogens is complex and is mediated by the wider bio-social environment. this paper analyses the role of population density in the outbreak of covid-19 in the densely and highly urbanised context of the netherlands. it compares the geography of the different phases in the epidemic and assesses when and where density plays a role. using municipal data on the rate of infections and hospitalisations, this paper reveals that spatial patterns differ substantially in time, which does not appear to be simple diffusion. using panel regressions, it is demonstrated that population density plays a role in those stages in which containment and mitigation measures were least strict, while in periods of lockdown other factors such as household size are associated with higher infection rates. it concludes that lockdowns may have greater effect in urban areas as key urban elements are temporarily cancelled out.
5. title: the impact of ethnic segregation on neighbourhood-level social distancing in the united states amid the early outbreak of covid-19
authors: wei zhai, xinyu fu, mengyang liu, zhong-ren peng
abstract: the covid-19 pandemic has been argued to be the �great equaliser�, but, in fact, ethnically and racially segregated communities are bearing a disproportionate burden from the disease. although more people have been infected and died from the disease among these minority communities, still fewer people in these communities are complying with the suggested public health measures like social distancing. the factors contributing to these ramifications remain a long-lasting debate, in part due to the contested theories between ethnic stratification and ethnic community. to offer empirical evidence to this theoretical debate, we tracked public social-distancing behaviours from mobile phone devices across urban census tracts in the united states and employed a difference-in-difference model to examine the impact of racial/ethnic segregation on these behaviours. specifically, we focussed on non-hispanic black and hispanic communities at the neighbourhood level from three principal dimensions of ethnic segregation, namely, evenness, exposure, and concentration. our results suggest that (1) the high ethnic diversity index can decrease social-distancing behaviours and (2) the high dissimilarity between ethnic minorities and non-hispanic whites can increase social-distancing behavior; (3) the high interaction index can decrease social-distancing behaviours; and (4) the high concentration of ethnic minorities can increase travel distance and non-home time but decrease work behaviours. the findings of this study shed new light on public health behaviours among minority communities and offer empirical knowledge for policymakers to better inform just and evidence-based public health orders.
6. title: spatial and social disparities in the decline of activities during the covid-19 lockdown in greater london
authors: terje trasberg, james cheshire
abstract: we use data on human mobility obtained from mobile applications to explore the activity patterns in the neighbourhoods of greater london as they emerged from the first wave of covid-19 lockdown restrictions during summer 2020 and analyse how the lockdown guidelines have exposed the socio-spatial fragmentation between urban communities. the location data are spatially aggregated to 1 km2 grids and cross-checked against publicly available mobility metrics (e.g. google covid-19 community report, apple mobility trends report). they are then linked to geodemographic classifications to compare the average decline of activities in the areas with different sociodemographic characteristics. we found that the activities in the deprived areas dominated by minority groups declined less compared to the greater london average, leaving those communities more exposed to the virus. meanwhile, the activity levels declined more in affluent areas dominated by white-collar jobs. furthermore, due to the closure of non-essential stores, activities declined more in premium shopping destinations and less in suburban high streets.
7. title: new urban habits in stockholm following covid-19
authors: ann legeby, daniel koch, f�bio duarte, cate heine, tom benson, umberto fugiglando, carlo ratti
abstract: during the covid-19 pandemic, physical distancing, mobility restrictions and self-isolation measures were implemented around the world as the primary intervention to prevent the virus from spreading. urban life has undergone sweeping changes, with people using spaces in new ways. stockholm is a particularly relevant case of this phenomenon since most facilities, such as day care centres and schools, have remained open, in contrast to cities with a broader lockdown. in this study, we use twitter data and an online map survey to study how covid-19 restrictions have impacted the use of different locations, services and amenities in stockholm. first, we compare the spatial distribution of 87,000 geolocated tweets pre-covid-19 and during the covid-19 pandemic. second, we analyse 895 survey responses asking people to identify places they �still visit�, �use more�, �avoid� and self-report reasons for using locations. the survey provides a nuanced understanding of whether and how restrictions have affected people. service and seclusion were found to be important; therefore, the accessibility of such amenities was analysed, demonstrating how changes in urban habits are related to conditions of the local environment. we find how different parts of the city show different capacities to accommodate new habits and mitigate the effects of restrictions on people�s use of urban spaces. in addition to the immediate relevance to covid-19, this paper thus contributes to understanding how restrictions on movement and gathering, in any situation, expose more profound urban challenges related to segregation and social inequality.
8. title: locked down by inequality: older people and the covid-19 pandemic
authors: tine buffel, sophie yarker, chris phillipson, luciana lang, camilla lewis, patty doran, mhorag goff
abstract: this paper develops the argument that post-covid-19 recovery strategies need to focus on building back fairer cities and communities, and that this requires a strong embedding of �age-friendly� principles to support marginalised groups of older people, especially those living in deprived urban neighbourhoods, trapped in poor quality housing. it shows that older people living in such areas are likely to experience a �double lockdown� as a result of restrictions imposed by social distancing combined with the intensification of social and spatial inequalities. this argument is presented as follows: first, the paper examines the disproportionate impact of covid-19 on older people, highlighting how the pandemic is both creating new and reinforcing existing inequalities in ageing along the lines of gender, class, ethnicity, race, ability and sexuality. second, the paper explores the role of spatial inequalities in the context of covid-19, highlighting how the pandemic is having a disproportionate impact on deprived urban areas already affected by cuts to public services, the loss of social infrastructure and pressures on the voluntary sector. finally, the paper examines how interrelated social inequalities at both the individual and spatial level are affecting the lives of older people living in deprived urban neighbourhoods during the pandemic. the paper concludes by developing six principles for �age-friendly� community recovery planning aimed at maintaining and improving the quality of life and wellbeing of older residents in the post-pandemic city.
9. title: informal settlements, covid-19 and sex workers in kenya
authors: rahma hassan, teela sanders, susan gichuna, rosie campbell, mercy mutonyi, peninah mwangi
abstract: this paper highlights the challenges faced by female sex workers living and working in the urban informal settlements in nairobi, kenya, during the covid-19 outbreak and the aftermath of the pandemic. using data collected through phone interviews during the immediate crisis, we document the experiences of urban poor sex workers, illustrating the acute problems they faced, including precarious housing with the reality of eviction and demolition. the paper highlights the ramifications of the covid-19 crisis for the sex industry and predominantly women working within this informal, illegal economy. through our empirical data we illustrate how the nature of selling sex has changed for sex workers in this context, increasing risks of violence including police abuses. we argue that examining the covid-19 crisis through the lens of one the most marginalised populations graphically highlights how the pandemic has and will continue to deepen pre-existing structural urban inequalities and worsen public health outcomes among the urban poor. sex worker communities are often located at the intersections of structural inequalities of gender, class, race and nation and the socio-spatial fragmentations of how they live make them some of the most vulnerable in society. we close with comments in relation to sexual citizenship, exclusionary state practices and the feminisation of urban poverty.
10. title: critical commentary: fickle spheres: the constant re/construction of the private and other new habits
authors: miko hucko
abstract: the spread of the covid-19 pandemic has allowed mechanisms of power and authority to enter new urban realms � especially the very relationships lived between friends and lovers in bedrooms and parks. all of a sudden, everyone has a right to know who we are close to, when and how, all for the sake of public health and safety, to ensure the further functioning of our established public health system. the new policies transform western ideas of public and private spheres: our bedrooms have turned into the space of self-representation and workplaces at the same time. on the other hand, what had been known as public space before has turned into the space to be private in: a walk through the city alone or with an intimate person. yet all of these tendencies come with increased surveillance, not only by our peers, but also through technologies such as tracing apps. the very possibility of privacy and �active� publicity is being questioned, and, through this, the realm of the political. this paper traces the observed shifts in the nature of the private and public spheres through examples in german cities, tracing power via embodied experiences. those traces are reorganised into three argumentative strands: re/constructing privacies, public space as non-place and the proliferation of the data body. based on these observations the paper searches for emancipatory perspectives within the shifted spheres of urban social life.
11. title: critical commentary: cities in a post-covid world
authors: richard florida, andr�s rodr�guez-pose, michael storper
abstract: this paper examines the effect of the covid-19 pandemic and its related economic, fiscal, social and political fallout on cities and metropolitan regions. we assess the effect of the pandemic on urban economic geography at the intra- and inter-regional geographic scales in the context of four main forces: the social scarring instilled by the pandemic; the lockdown as a forced experiment; the need to secure the urban built environment against future risks; and changes in the urban form and system. at the macrogeographic scale, we argue the pandemic is unlikely to significantly alter the winner-take-all economic geography and spatial inequality of the global city system. at the microgeographic scale, however, we suggest that it may bring about a series of short-term and some longer-running social changes in the structure and morphology of cities, suburbs and metropolitan regions. the durability and extent of these changes will depend on the timeline and length of the pandemic.
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