-k8凯发天生赢家
��ࡱ�>�� _a����^��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �r��$bjbj�v�v2:�<�<�
������������������8j<��j4��������2j4j4j4j4j4j4j$�k��n:xj���xj����4mj��������2j�2j��������� ������j�j0�j��nr��n��n/�n��g<�xjxj��j���������������������������������������������������������������������n��: harvard journal of law & public policy
volume 34, issue 3, summer 2011
1. title: direct democracy: government of the people, by the people, and for the people?
authors: epstein, richard a.
abstract: the article argues that the gettysburg address and u.s. national referenda and initiatives are not an appropriate template for the american constitution. the author cites the risk that any group that can attain a majority can introduce measures in the name of the public that do not match the preferences of the people who will be bound by those measures. he says a referendum gives only a snapshot of public preferences, and suggests a return to the original vision of constitutional democracy.
2. title: elections matter.
authors: gerhardt, michael j.
abstract: an essay is presented about the electoral system of the u.s. it highlights the federalist society's belief that elections matter and that courts should not lightly displace them, and its support of the balance of power among the u.s. government's three departments. it cites, for instance, former chief justice william howard taft's 1925 declaration that the u.s. congress has the right to regulate interstate commerce.
3. title: how to count to thirty-four: the constitutional case for a constitutional convention.
authors: gerhardt, michael j..
abstract: the article discusses the circumstances under which the u.s. congress has a duty to call a constitutional convention (cc). it considers the validity of each of the state legislature applications in gathering the minimum 34 required under article v of the u.s. constitution for congress to call a convention to study amendments. also discussed are how to count and cumulate subject-specific applications, the question of multiple applications, and the question of limited constitutional convention.
4. title: entrenching good government reforms
authors: tushnet, mark v.
abstract: the article reports on how the constitutional amendment process could strengthen policy reforms of any kind. it discusses substantive amendment or the type that could restrict the scope of the national government, preventing it from doing certain kinds of things, and the procedural type, which could let a state override national legislation. it addresses the problems these two types present including the myriad of procedural issues about how to convene a convention, and what powers it may have.
5. title: the constitutionality of proposition 8
authors: epstein, richard a..
abstract: the article questions the constitutionality of proposition 8, which eliminates the right of same-sex couples to marry in the u.s. it notes that the location of the equal protection clause (epc) is after the privileges or immunities clause (pic) and due process clause of the 14th amendment, and that if the right to a same-sex marriage were located in the contitution, then it would be found in the pic. it also notes, however, that epc equally stresses the words "protection" and the word "equal."
6. title: embodied equality: debunking equal protection arguments for abortion rights
authors: bachioch, erika
abstract: the article challenges the assumptions behind the idea that pregnancy and motherhood necessarily undermine equality for women. it says abortion rights actually hinder the equality of women by taking the wombless male body as normative, thereby promoting cultural hostility toward pregnancy and motherhood. its discussions include prolife feminism, burden-of-motherhood arguments, and the interest of prochoice legal scholars in locating the right to abortion in the equal protection clause.
7. title: the constitutionality of social cost
authors: blackman, josh
abstract: the article reports on the constitutionality of limiting liberty in order to minimize social costs such as injury and death. it seeks to shed light on the second amendment, which protects the right of people to keep and bear arms, in the context of the other u.s. bill of rights provisions. in its discussion of who may keep and bear arms and where, when, and why, it cites court cases including the district of columbia versus (v.) heller, the miranda v. arizona, and mcdonald v. city of chicago.
8. title: may lawyers be given the power to elect those who choose our judges? "merit selection" and constitutional law
authors: lund, nelson
abstract: the article discusses merit selection and kansas law, which uniquely grants lawyers the sole authority to elect a controlling majority to create a list of candidates from which judges must be appointed. the system's flaw is examined in light of constitutional law. justice sandra day o'connor says there is nothing in the goals of a non-partisan court plan that requires it to be dominated by attorneys. she says members of the public who are duly engaged and attentive can quite ably select judges.
9. title: what's the harm? nontaxpayer standing to challenge religious symbols
authors: spencer, david
abstract: the article questions what kind of injury a plaintiff must show to establish article iii standing to challenge a governmental religious display or symbol. it says the large body of circuit court precedent prevents lower courts to correct decisions that are incompatible with the supreme court's standing doctrine. the author believes the u.s. supreme court should intervene and reaffirm that psychological offense and stigma are not concrete and particularized injuries to give rise to standing.
10. title: why we cannot ask why: ethical independence and voter intent.
authors: taylor, tim
abstract: the article discusses voter motivation (vm) or the reason a citizen chooses to vote for or against a measure, and legislative design or what the measure is calculated to do. its discussions include cases and commentary confronting the question of inquiry into voter intent, a defense of the traditional position of barring such inquiry, and objections to the latter. it also takes up professor cass sunstein's notion of naked preferences and professor ronald dworkin's idea of ethical independence.
11. title: the changing landscape of firearm legislation in the wake of mcdonald v. city of chicago, 130 s. ct. 3020 (2010)
authors: nieto, michael
abstract: the article discusses the mcdonald versus city of chicago case's impact on citizens' right to keep and bear arms. it reports on the nearly 40% increase in chicago murders committed with handguns between 1983 and 2008, during which the handgun ban was in force, and on otis mcdonald's claim that chicago's handgun ordinances violated the second and fourteenth amendments to the constitution. the u.s. supreme court ruled that individual self-defense is the second amendment right's central component.
12. title: machinegunning reason: sentencing factors and mandatory minimums in united states v. o'brien, 130 s. ct. 2169 (2010)
authors: scharf, william o.
abstract: the article reports on the u.s. versus (v.) o'brien case, which involved attempted armed robbery, and the controversy over where the role of the judge ends and that of the jury begins. it points at the mandatory minimum sentence and the sentence a judge can impose on a convicted defendant as the case's main issue. its discussions include the use of a machine gun in furtherance of a crime of violence, and the cases jones v. u.s., the castillo v. u.s., and the mc-millan-apprendi divide.
&'.089;adfghilqsp��ʹʨʹ��tl_o?o2h)!a5�ojqj^jajh)!ahu<�5�ojqj^jajh)!ah)!a5�ojqj^jajh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo( h��5�cjojqj^jajo(h
2e5�cjojqj^jaj h�x�5�cjojqj^jajo( ha v5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h�e�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�e�h�e�5�cjojqj^jaj'ghi���
�
�
�
��
"
mgef����������������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gd�"�pqst���������������
�
�
�
�
�
�
������������
�����������������ı��ԃԃ�s�����������h)!ahu<�ojqj^jajh)!ah�l$5�ojqj^jajh)!ah%j,5�ojqj^jajh)!ah[rojqj^jaj%h)!ahs?�b*ojqj^jajph333h)!ahu<�5�ojqj^jajh)!ah)!a5�ojqj^jajh)!a5�ojqj^jajh)!a5�ojqj^jajo(&
!
,
lmfqdefg���������������̽�ߝߝ̎~�qbqr�~�c~�qbh)!ah)w�ojqj^jajh)!ah�ps5�ojqj^jajh)!a5�ojqj^jajo(h)!a5�ojqj^jajh)!ah)w�5�ojqj^jajh)!ah%j,ojqj^jajh)!ah$?�5�ojqj^jajh)!ah%j,5�ojqj^jajh)!ahanojqj^jaj%h)!ahs?�b*ojqj^jajph333h)!ah)!a5�ojqj^jajh)!ahto�5�ojqj^jaj� !,89@fg^iz[\�������������7?a���ҿ�ҡ���ҿ�����q�ҿ�ҡ�a�h)!ahlz�5�ojqj^jajh)!ah�)g5�ojqj^jajh)!ah|�5�ojqj^jajh)!a5�ojqj^jajo(h)!ah)!a5�ojqj^jajh)!ah)w�ojqj^jaj%h)!ahs?�b*ojqj^jajph333h)!ah)w�5�ojqj^jajh)!ahr7a5�ojqj^jajh)!a5�ojqj^jaj$� "g_[\����8pjk����# ; 9":"�"�������������������������gd�s�gd�_gdlz�gd�)ggd|�gd)w�gdr7aahjozijkc������������������� ���ϼ��ߠ�߁q�^�oߠ�����ߠ����h)!ahv�ojqj^jaj%h)!ahd�b*ojqj^jajph333h)!ahd�5�ojqj^jajh)!ah�_5�ojqj^jajh)!a5�ojqj^jajo(h)!a5�ojqj^jajh)!ah)w�ojqj^jaj%h)!ahs?�b*ojqj^jajph333h)!ah)w�5�ojqj^jajh)!ah)!a5�ojqj^jajh)!ahs?�5�ojqj^jaj " , : e 8"9":"p"o"p"�"�"�"�"�"�"�"�"�"�$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$���²����sd�sd����²�umimimih��jh��uh)!ah�~�ojqj^jajh)!a5�ojqj^jajo(h)!a5�ojqj^jajh)!ah)!a5�ojqj^jajh)!ah)w�ojqj^jaj%h)!ahd�b*ojqj^jajph333h)!ah)w�5�ojqj^jajh)!ahd�5�ojqj^jajh)!ah[5�ojqj^jajh)!ah�s�5�ojqj^jajh�s<5�ojqj^jaj�"�"�$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$�$������������gd��gd)w�gd�s��$�$�$�$���h)!ah�~�ojqj^jajh��jh��u01�82p��. ��a!�"�#��$��%��s����b2���� 0@p`p������2(�� 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p��8x�v~pj_hmh nhsh thj`��jck�e$1$a$ cjkh_hajmh nhsh th$a ���$؞���k=�w[sobi���bnf�h����3�\`�?�/�[���g��\�!�-�rk.�s�ի�..���a濭?��pk!�֧��6_rels/.rels���j�0���}q��%v/��c/�}�(h"���o�
������=������ ����c?�h�v=��ʌ��%[xp��{۵_�pѣ<�1�h�0���o�r�bd���je�4b$��q_����6l��r�7`�������0̞o��,�en7�li�b��/�s���e��е������pk!ky���theme/theme/thememanager.xml�m
� @�}�w��7c�(eb�ˮ��c�aǡҟ����7��՛k
y,�
�e�.���|,���h�,l����xɴ��i�sq}#ր���� ֵ �!�,�^�$j=�gw���)�e� &
8���pk!�uu��qtheme/theme/theme1.xml�ymoe�#�f{oc'vgu�رh�f�[��xw�;���jf��7����@%ą*�h�_�rt�կ�;3��n�&ia�!��>��ǽ3�t�n�����u/v�q�a���.��k��yҳ��mu��0�ps~��~���ctt���ݟ���;���e�pm�$,r����?~��x����_��e���<���r ��t��_>��ɣ�>}�������"�oc"�5r��x������8e?´h���'xk)��q���6�,���g���)�}���n;
�"1r�d��(v�;���^��e��%a�p1*��0>(��ɖ��(�����cx;"���'
�$!
�w|���nq��u���k>t�e-lk]ҧ'��d[4����l�x;�ٹ�z��y�i\$tf%�� s�x���x�q̊��**s�7~ב
"�q' r��\`o!�w1t�ұ�q�"���e<�1�e�&�og8n˰=�de�rr�]���;ܭ�q���pߤ� ����
�� �ߌ��%�j��4��v�(�c���>��aif���x���j�:�~��7�6}�{�&%��|v�y�rߵ\�?�r���i���b��s��͈ϝ�����3�-͐,a�������lnli_����b�
\}duԋp
v��lb��%j����y.��0� {,�������%���&l�n��g.hi38�����)��:ªz�sk��l�s�ml�κ�o��`l//�]��� f$�~�{o����p@�i�gct5a�s��@��h�n�zazc�}i� rq\m�����(���&��dœ]���|�-�_lǭz^ ��4��mθ�ڎ5c�b=w�8k1,n��{���>#&�����{�[�р�a�@v_���
�.`p��6�4 ��lt�^�7�s�t'r�9[kv�x��ٓ�����y:;��k�6����%
k�� cc~�*����!лp�?bj�d�ߔ�ѳg���j4����pk!
ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.rels��m
�0���wooӻ�&݈э���5
6?$q��
�,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@rn��;d�`��o7�g�k(m&$r(.1�r'j��њt���8��v�"��aȼ�h�u}��|�$�b{��p����8�g/]�qasم(����#��l�[������pk-!����[content_types].xmlpk-!�֧��6 _rels/.relspk-!ky���theme/theme/thememanager.xmlpk-!�uu��q�theme/theme/theme1.xmlpk-!
ѐ��'� theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.relspk]�
�:���� p
�a �$�$��"�$�@� @���������h ��0�( �
����0�( �
��b
�s���� ?���citations���v]#.��bl~���es�����������������;a��!� � z����9a���������3333333'i"� � "g_��8p�����������.089;a����""op��������q04e��n[g],-�o�����`<|��o";0ri1�%�rrsui��w�i�={u�,� uz*�m� �r=��-9h�s��eme�.~��
{r�v�4�1l2q �"�iaha��og>�u��`�1_%v��nh{��q��u�3�d]-�z:kkkkn;�q0�<�?*�7��:a��^b� �l{��2h�(�#!�q��m4-cqrrs�4>�p]�sao-�?��yn�b~i�(��)ib��>!]�.�`
rv:g&>!��}n!�l��2�"�0r��\�|�md-%;�blrbr]�a
6ji� ��vj�`�[jo 5j90�ry �:[�
k 3q-r�jx 8i� tp� k�|�2~�
��y��k�
?i��� *�?=��#??*�@�4le�dw"
���z�g�kd�2�^e�-h�x�w��t�bs &�x�-z�y��w�i�>�:-��u
kkkkdw"
q�x�-h�
k^r�
�^�vxb�
�=#�/y�pur ����
��'ff�x-z�d�y�(��)fk{z��fv��-�p�'�e��4�!~q�2h`�?i��be��@��fk-<"��l�q�u��y/�x{��]^�~76=&����`
[� ��rh&<�^��oc!��d{�/�"���[��h�2��d���t��w�8i� (f�tl(����}�t�a9�~�8��7l��4�";�g)n��p7v}g�xd|��&�h�w�a�g�b�u�d\*�)#jb�l�d�
)r�}��w�gl$l��r�qh� v���/xcz.�^m~;�|p%�fzps7l�ps�#���<>)��s��vj��h5h 5� a�l[�x� xcz�be�yfdxl�y��raj>�n�cr%v��h�a9�� !`��}<�q�}q =�7y]��r�-��.��zf�7��
�e�o[kh,~�hmpm~�mg�=�j��>m�?[%��'w�jo8�l�y2\gqwez ��p]74�`a��m�!�|z��z:�*��b!�g;cq�qq�h�nk^r a�x�t
an�gap�y8��x���s��d���z��j�vzq��t\
~��av'po�_m4�i�w��tkpb�`
rq1��yn�pur �p}��� urep�&>!�z[fxx)!�b!x{�ec!�t�k��oc!�v�>b(p!� ]!�3�l��!nr�q�m�!�j#�g-�!�f�d�[z"�u&z�6'�"�zy�q �"ji�_��m�"� ]!�&�"�)��/�"|z�s\�"=v�g��~#�)9~��k#�� �i3#�#?�=#�i\;�j#p%�sh�#���2k�#�|�#ry �ps�#pb��9�#�sa�d $��yj!4$�`�%�qg$�ep$�"e<@v�$:*�$�[��p�$�]'��?[>�?z]%�`�%vd�i1�%�lyk-,�%�,�=��l�%�z�@�x�%�!0��e&poq�bs &�b*&t�(6=&�'w�rh&2\�qp&nyvc��t�&��&�]'�ep$�tw�'~d:(�r�'�kl��>�'��5�l�'�taz��w(r�@�~d:(�_(it~tl(�x�,�dm�(�t�(�pi�(��]�a#�(�j�`�<>)^e��w)!,�f���)�l�%��)mq{�"*�^�i��le*^l�x�ne*n9��^�*�:8t��[? �v ��o�(s� qh� �`� q�f�� {p���c,@�i��#,�dq[mk, @p�qb,�d&d��,�>m��x�,�{u�,�@�q>,-�m4-rt�h�fk-�r�-�j�n�2@�-�ggc���-x*�y���->o.-dt��t�.��z]�.�x��<}7/d|���y/ds}���/: o=tj�/0�u0{z�o�!0�ran 0gy|�5j90�$�}�;1�0��efw2
�z��>2"o�m�29!"e�w�2�f\�h�2n�~�w�3ui�� �3dj�u�3��x@�4�;�4�d5��p�4@l�5h 5�^b^�
-a5�pv5�d5tw�'��5��5md-�b�5i�d��v�5
-a5�a
6�`d�#6ghch�81�6�&7��6�a�r!�6q1���@�6xx�6)1:t�&7�x�\�~74\�7bd9t=r�7��gr
f8c�]��jo8�~�8���8��b�n9?oi�q�9�a:�kx_�s�:kkkk�3�:�!�q�o";�4mjjo;�i\;�%�|c;�q��viu;�ru�;�~7�[u�u�`fr>�>�'i�>r]��v�>lrb�mt?<#iq!{�?p[5=�tf�?�t�&�?�*��o-�?�mt?�s�?
u|3e�?�-x{�8�?�@}��*.}@��)��-�@�t�`�r�@g��z�@z]%hag;��:a�s6ay8���doahu�(�a�le*�&e�ana��.�an���a�$,&d]�l�d|1�q�i�dbl#g�>e�\���ez�v�n�e�v ��'�e�#�c�hfs�]�=bdf�^^n��z[f�y���f�"�o w~g� l`�#�g�{9=��g=v�g�o�t�{s
h�-h�pv5p@h�og�ghch'\l��&�h�t�e�hoaq�!~q��y#%�q@gku�nr�q�q��qqg$�r)b;r�,�q��0hr�l��zwr�
{r;1�0��y{r�i�r�� �(u�r�$atxcsfzps8ts)b;r��ts�#�g3%�s�{�s�;�4��g/t�4>�:8t�gn�bd9t]z[t� �m��td $�`�t�s��,!u�rdi�@gku�u0
g�u���uxcs>�uc;�rxyyv�d�^�v4�o�v�j$w�w�w�6�x�m�2:3�x�q�y���x�3�:�^l�x\<�jg�xq>,- q�x�}<��x_/,j�zy��t��`-y<myv��q�yv^mc���y<z�&xfk{z�kd
�zhp��[�enx�:[�=�^�`
[�0�[(>y��f\�?\i�(��\�m��x�\~�f<1/�\�s���7y]�>aqs�]���c�]hv�i���]viu;�]^ph$^�^b^�`.�^�=�^�1_�kx_�a9�ji�_l{�� !`�qb,�� l`�y`� ��t�`�=�}�j�`�qq��u�`�>�`_m�t
a��&na[mk,�9a��q���a��5��>�asq�y�3j�a�zwr�a�t�3b@�z��)ib�u~b1�h��u�b�~#�%;�b@v�$03cd.�b�ggcg-�!�va�c�^����c(�a�u�c�0hr��#�c�j$wvd0q|�`d�d&d�@�m�f�d,-�zn�d�|�#�9!"e2k�#�g e�/e� *^ee����l\e�>e��eme�hgqwe�u
�t�edu�efd��&fji�,\f<}7/��zfs{tq�f3%�s!,�fqx{~�fxx�6�a�f6�f<z�bl#g�^blkqg�j9r��g8|k=�z�g�-9h�k?oi�u�<mebi�rdi�b*&��b~i�y{r4�i�`-y�^�ix�u�nf�i�~7djtj�/v,�j�8�?w�j�`�t�=�j�4�q\<�j�dk�g�tkzl!{�?�klv:g��3�l<|�<ie�lj l�^(m��k�z*�ma�� �m�hn�y`�gn��!�g)nfr>��^^nv��,mn�kj>�nh#�n�gv'po�
���"�o�"�o6gp�e�oh��.�o�r��v�omg���o]z[thptf�?(ap(s� @p�[? bep=r�7�c�p�qp&��dq�vzq� �<#iq�!�q� ���qq =��,�q�w�#!�q{s
h�4�q�a�f�l�q|1�q6s�~r�q3q-rie�l��j9r �3�c;�rn[g� �r�-�@�y0�sb(p!��s{fm-dt�y�)1:to
�v�$at�6�x� 0w?0w?0w?0w?�.�t�/e��t(ap�}�t�o�t�u2�&xph$^�enx[�x,mnf�x&xn
�x�0�<�=.y6�f�� oyrgox*�y�x�u��yd]-sq�y7���yxl�y�t�.��y];yw��y�w��u&z�*n{��tazr=��whkzjx �.tzji��z@�z�.�o���z�`�o��%�z�q�wv{�nh{$,&d�*n{�s�?mq{
hr{��6�jbs{�-x{qx{�@�6m�{�d��0q|�~�vgy|��s�
u|�[|�w)�\�| w~g;�|�g ek�|�.�t�y>�|b�5�ds}xyyv�p}�r>�$�}dm�(�m�}j<�v��=�}jbs{�q�}\
~�=�h,~03c��)9~whkzit~�;�~j{�~0�n�n�~l�s{t�<(>y\*�4e�z �j�{p�4\�7��(k�i����x��m�j����[w2 r� �p
j^��n�_at�wb��.h j<sh�to>s�r#�l$�}&�m'�m(%j,�p.�i/�z2'4�6cj8�9�s<�e=jj@r7a�nd�udvf0i%mana vgy�py�^)!a5a�7ahc
2e�qf�)gjmi�ckalthl[r�psi1vywicy�x}d��/�wt�mw��=��`�nj�l�.~�v����~���du�to�4��m��x��2�)w�lz��c�7�u<�[��r��������^�v��\�a�vi�|w�r�����$?��
��!�s/���s?��8�*��-��_��f����r��c�7"��s����"�gl�h�o��-���
��"�w�p����y����e�`-�|����@���0����x@��unknown������������g��* ��times new roman5��symbol3.��* ��arial;���[sosimsuna���� b�cambria math q��h;"�f�r��qdl~4l~4!-!),.:;?]}���� & 6"0000 00
00000��� ������=�@�\�]�^���([{� 0
000000��;�[����������2�� 3�q��hx��?�����������������������"�2!xx���useruser�������oh�� '��0x������� ��
,8@hp�usernormal.dotmuser113microsoft office word@x��1@�y��\�@���l~����՜.�� ,��0�
x`t|�������microsoft4�
���� !"#$%����'()* ,-./0123456789:;<=>?@abcdefghijklm����opqrstu����wxyz[\]��������`��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������root entry�������� �f����b�data
������������1table����&�nworddocument����2:summaryinformation(������������ndocumentsummaryinformation8��������vcompobj������������u������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
���� �f#microsoft office word 97-2003 �ĵ�
msworddocword.document.8�9�q