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��ࡱ�>�� u �r��xbjbj�n�n2��a��a�p ��""��8��$��pl��?papapapapapap$,r��tfep��ep��4zp��?p�?p��s��tq�� p�p0�p(u�:(u�/(u��lt��epep��p��(u��"qs: research policy volume 52, issue 2, march 2023 1. title: biopiracy: crying wolf or a lever for equity and conservation? authors: rachel wynberg abstract: access and benefit sharing (abs) is a central approach to address biopiracy � the misappropriation of genetic resources and traditional knowledge without consent or compensation, often tied to patenting. benefit-sharing agreements comprise a core element of abs and are intended to leverage greater social and economic justice, create incentives for biodiversity conservation, and strengthen the rights of indigenous and local communities. however, emerging evidence suggests otherwise. through review of four cases of biodiversity commercialization in south africa � hoodia gordonii, aspalathus linearis (rooibos), sceletium tortuosum (kougoed) and pelargonium sidoides, each with histories of biopiracy charges and associated benefit-sharing agreements, this paper aims to explain this apparent contradiction. the cases reveal that while abs has succeeded in recognizing holders of traditional knowledge, the wider political and economic struggles faced by communities remain neglected. power relations and economic disparities have not changed, and control remains vested in land, with ownership remaining highly skewed towards industry partners who have market dominance; and intellectual property, the benefits of which are disassociated from traditional knowledge holders and biodiversity custodians. abs processes have also led to a clamor for representation, favoring groups that are politically connected, well organized and resourced, while excluding more marginalized groups who are less capacitated. moreover, despite significant biodiversity concerns in each case, there are few conservation benefits. such trends, combined with new forms of �digital biopiracy� and opportunities opening through the post 2020 global biodiversity framework, emphasize the need to reconceptualize abs to leverage more equitable and sustainable outcomes. 2. title: technological lock-in in action: appraisal and policy commitment in argentina's seed sector authors: anabel marin, lilia stubrin, patrick van zwanenberg abstract: this paper uses novel empirical evidence to analyse critically the widely held view that genetic engineering technology played a pivotal role in explaining the rapid expansion and increase in productivity of soy production in argentina over the period from 1995 to 2015. we estimate the relative contribution of different approaches to seed innovation on soy performance over that period. we show how previous analyses have ignored the performance gains from plant breeding or misattributed them to genetic engineering. in our disaggregated assessment, seed innovations based on breeding techniques provide just as plausible an explanation for the expansion and performance gains of soy production. we illustrate how policy support to the seed industry is consistent with and is justified by mainstream narratives about the central role played by plant genetic engineering technology, and how the asymmetries created by these policy responses are contributing to the crowding out of plant breeding. this evidence, in our view, illustrates an important cognitive mechanism of lock-in to what may be a sub-optimal technology. 3. title: the determinants of ai innovation across european firms authors: ioana igna, francesco venturini abstract: using patent data for a panel sample of european companies between 1995 and 2016 we explore whether the inventive success in artificial intelligence (ai) is related to earlier firms� innovation in the area of information and communication technology (ict), and identify which company characteristics and external factors shape this performance. we show that ai innovation presents strong dynamic returns (learning effects) and benefits from complementaries with knowledge earlier developed in the area of network and communication technologies, high-speed computing and data analysis, and more recently cognition and imaging. ai patent productivity increases with the scale of firm innovation, and is lower for companies with narrow technological competences. there is evidence of knowledge spillovers from ict innovators to ai innovators, but this effect is confined to the frontier firms of the new technological field. our findings suggest that, with the take-off of the new technology, the technological lead of top ai innovators has increased due to the accumulation of internal competences and the expanding knowledge base. these trends help explain the concentration process of the world�s data market. 4. title: differential �progressibility� in human know-how: a conceptual overview authors: john p. nelson abstract: over the last few hundred years, best practice in some fields of human action�e.g. the treatment of heart disease, the transportation of persons, goods, and messages, and destruction of landscapes, structures, and lives�has become dramatically more effective. at the same time, best practice in other fields, e.g. the amelioration of poverty or the teaching of reading, writing, or math, has improved more slowly, if at all. as richard nelson and colleagues have argued, it seems that practice and technology (�know-how�) can only improve rapidly under rather special conditions: that, at any given point in time, some fields are more �progressible� than others. drawing on nelson's work and studies in the history, sociology, and economics of technology and innovation, i offer a conceptual framework articulating several characteristics of practice in a field that may facilitate rapid progress. these characteristics, while not fixed, tend to remain fairly stable for long periods of time. i argue that know-how can improve more quickly 1) when �vicarious trial� of variations in practice is feasible and useful; 2) when practice is formal and standardized; 3) when practice is in significant part performed by artifacts rather than by humans; 4) when outcomes of variations in practice may be rapidly evaluated; 5) when valued performance dimensions are consistently agreed upon; 6) when contexts and objects of practice may be treated as, or have been made, consistent for the purposes of intervention; and 7) when labor is finely divided. thus, analysis of these features may inform judgments about the plausibility of rapid advance within a field, absent disruptive change in methods or problem formulation. the argument may also shed light on which varieties of innovative effort may and may not foreseeably contribute to improving practice in a given field. 5. title: learning-by-hiring: how do rival firms learn from focal firm's hiring authors: mayank varshney abstract: previous studies provide evidence of learning from the mobility of scientists for the source and the hiring firms. however, we have a limited understanding of the competitive implications of such inter-firm mobility and associated learnings. using a difference�in�difference approach on matched patents in the semiconductor industry in 1981�2010, we find that mobile scientists' patents receive more citations from rival firms after the mobility vis-�-vis before the mobility and vis-�-vis other similar patents. we conclude that rival firms respond to mobilities across other firms by attributing more attention to mobile scientists. furthermore, the context of the mobility can determine the extent of response from rival firms. rival firms are more likely to build on a mobile scientist's patents after mobility when the mobility occurs between technologically distant firms, the source firm or the hiring firm has low research experience, or the mobile scientist has considerable experience. 6. title: academics engaging in knowledge transfer and co-creation: push causation and pull effectuation? authors: muthu de silva, omar al-tabbaa, jonathan pinto abstract: although academics are increasingly engaging with businesses, some fundamental aspects of this phenomenon (i.e., their motivations, decision-making approaches, and the interplay between the two) remain understudied. we therefore conducted a qualitative inductive study comprising 68 interviews with academics who had engaged in two forms of activities�knowledge transfer and co-creation. whereas the entrepreneurship literature offers a resource-based argument, we made an original contribution to the literature by introducing an engagement-based argument in order to offer a more accurate prediction of the motivations and decision-making approaches of academics engaged in knowledge transfer and co-creation activities. we found that when the resource- and engagement-based arguments offer different predictions of the interplay between the motivations and decision-making approaches adopted, the cognitive proximity between academics and business researchers, which reflects whether the partners are from the same/different disciplines, resolves the puzzle. we captured these situational contingencies by developing six propositions that indicate how the engagement- and resource-based arguments jointly offer a more comprehensive explanation of the interplay. we discuss the implications of our findings with regard to how universities could offer customized training, rewards, and support structures based on the four types of interplay between the motivation and decision-making approaches. 7. title: interdisciplinary research and the societal visibility of science: the advantages of spanning multiple and distant scientific fields authors: pablo d�este, nicol�s robinson-garc�a abstract: science policy discourse often encourages interdisciplinary research as an approach that enhances the potential of science to produce breakthrough discoveries and solutions to real-world, complex problems. while there is a large body of research examining the relationship between interdisciplinarity and scientific discovery, there is comparatively limited evidence on and understanding of the connection between interdisciplinarity and the generation of scientific findings that address societal problems. drawing on a large-scale survey, we investigate whether scientists who conduct interdisciplinary research are more likely to generate scientific findings with high societal visibility - that is, research findings that attract the attention of non-academic audiences, as measured by mentions to scientific articles in blogs, news media and policy documents. our findings provide support for the idea that two facets of interdisciplinarity - variety and disparity - are associated positively with societal visibility. our results show, also, that the interplay between these two facets of interdisciplinarity has a systematic positive and significant association with societal visibility, suggesting a reinforcing effect of spanning multiple and distant scientific fields. finally, we find support for the contingent role of scientists' collaboration with non-academic actors, suggesting that the positive association between interdisciplinary research and societal visibility is particularly strong among scientists who collaborate with actors outside academia. we argue that this study provides useful insights for science policy oriented to fostering the scientific and societal relevance of publicly funded research. 8. title: facilitating public procurement of innovation in the uk defence and health sectors: innovation intermediaries as institutional entrepreneurs authors: kostas selviaridis, alan hughes, martin spring abstract: this paper investigates how innovation intermediaries promote institutional change to facilitate public procurement of innovation (ppi). several of the ppi implementation challenges reported in prior research originate in the institutional architecture underpinning demand articulation, and innovation procurement and adoption processes. we conceptualise innovation intermediaries as institutional entrepreneurs who seek to create new institutions or adjust existing ones to support ppi implementation. we report the results of two case studies of intermediaries facilitating ppi in the uk defence and health sectors, respectively. we contribute to ppi intermediation literature by showing that intermediaries address prevalent institutional failures through four types of institutional entrepreneurship activities: boundary spanning; advocacy; design of change; and capacity building. we elucidate, in particular, the role of individuals within intermediaries, as agents who learn about failures and adapt their institutional work over time. in doing so, these managers go beyond the remit and goals of the organisations they represent. the findings add to our understanding of how intermediaries support demand articulation for ppi by showing that their institutional work is also aimed at designing generic methods and processes to improve what is asked for, and how. we furthermore reveal conditions influencing the effectiveness of intermediaries' efforts to realise institutional change, thereby extending research on institutional entrepreneurship in ppi settings. 9. title: how and why accelerators enhance female entrepreneurship authors: gil avnimelech, eyal rechter abstract: this study was driven by an initial finding that female founders' participation rate in israeli accelerators is significantly higher (15.3 %) than their participation rate in the israeli startup sector (7.4 %). linking accelerators' design to the known barriers to female entrepreneurship, we examined how accelerators may enhance female entrepreneurship by addressing their specific needs. based on a dataset (n = 779) of structured interviews with startup founders who participated in accelerator programs in israel during 2011�2019, we present evidence that female founders seek and gain more entrepreneurial knowledge, network building, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy during their participation in accelerators than do male founders. female founders also seek to increase their legitimacy more than do their male counterparts but did not report making more progress in this aspect. finally, both the goal of and progress in obtaining access to capital and improving fundraising skills received lower ratings from female founders than from male founders. we further ask whether accelerators are more helpful for women because they are better adapted to the female gender or because they are generally better adapted to founders with those background conditions that often characterize women. we found that the startup's stage of development and the founder's prior entrepreneurial experience mediated most gender differences, supporting the latter possibility. we discuss the implications of our findings for accelerators and other support programs as a means of increasing women's participation rates in innovative entrepreneurship. 10. title: social movements and institutional entrepreneurship as facilitators of technology transition: the case of free/open-source software authors: sanjay jain, habib a. islam, martin c. goossen, anil nair abstract: we integrate insights from the literature on social movements and institutional entrepreneurship into the strategic niche management (snm) and multilevel perspective (mlp) frameworks to understand the emergence of linux, a free/open-source operating system, in a regime dominated by proprietary operating systems such as unix and windows nt. employing a �microhistories� methodology, we document how actors in the free/open-source movement took steps that enabled an alternate technological niche to form, gain momentum and eventually infiltrate the extant regime. our account delineates the key role that actors play in shaping the identity of a niche, amplifying its presence, and finally mainstreaming it. we observe a heterogenous response by incumbents to the emergent niche and highlight the sustained coexistence of a niche and regime as a distinct form of technological transition. finally, we demonstrate the significant impact that a niche can have, spanning beyond the targeted regime, and becoming part of the landscape. our insights highlight how tracing the processes involved in the emergence and development of a niche can provide a prospective and generative understanding of technological transition, thereby contributing to and complementing the extant snm and mlp literatures. 11. title: linguistic metrics for patent disclosure: evidence from university versus corporate patents authors: nancy kong, uwe dulleck, adam b. jaffe, shupeng sun, sowmya vajjala abstract: encouraging disclosure is important for the patent system, yet the technical information in patent applications is often inadequate. we use algorithms from computational linguistics to quantify the effectiveness of disclosure in patent applications. relying on the expectation that universities have more ability and incentive to disclose their inventions than corporations, we analyze 64 linguistic measures of patent applications, and show that university patents are more readable by 0.4 sd of a synthetic measure of readability. results are robust to controlling for non-disclosure-related invention heterogeneity. the linguistic metrics are evaluated by a panel of �expert� student engineers and further examined by uspto 112(a) � lack of disclosure � rejection. the ability to quantify disclosure opens new research paths and potentially facilitates improvement of disclosure. 12. title: catching-up during technological windows of opportunity: an industry product categories perspective authors: claudio giachetti, deborah tiniwah mensah abstract: there is empirical evidence of how challengers in an industry can take advantage of technological discontinuities that open �technological windows� of opportunity, which allow them to reduce their market share gap with market leaders, a phenomenon known as �catching-up.� however, this literature has examined leader�challenger catching-up processes within a particular industry as a whole, without considering the different product categories that can usually be identified within that industry. in fact, firms may have different market shares depending on the category under consideration, and technological discontinuities can be product category related. we extend the literature on windows of opportunity and changes in market leadership by showing that the chance a challenger has to reduce the market share gap with the market leader in a product category during a technological window depends on (a) whether the market leader in the focal product category is also the market leader in other product categories, (b) the share of a challenger's business in the focal product category relative to its overall business in the industry, and (c) the relative size of the product category with respect to the other product categories in the industry. we contend that such across-category factors influence the leaders and challengers' propensity to exploit opportunities resulting from technological discontinuities in a product category. we test a set of hypotheses using data on 31 mobile phone makers competing in india from 2003 to 2020 in the feature phone and smartphone product categories. 13. title: corporate commitment to climate change: the effect of eco-innovation and climate governance authors: khaldoon albitar, habiba al-shaer, yang stephanie liu abstract: climate change represents a significant problem to the planet which raises concerns from stakeholder groups about corporate commitment to climate change issues. in this paper, we explore the effect of eco-innovation and climate governance on corporate commitment to climate change. we develop a unique measure for climate change commitment by considering four components, viz. whether a company supports the sustainable development goal 13 on climate action, whether a company is aware that climate change can represent commercial risks or opportunities, whether a company reports scope 3 co2 emissions and whether a company sets a target for emission reduction. we measure eco-innovation by using a score collected from the eikon database that reflects a company's capacity to reduce environmental costs, eco-innovation intensity measured as environmental expenditures over revenues. we also create an index computed as a composite score by totalling five eco-innovation proxies collected from the eikon database that reflect companies' efforts to reduce environmental impact. concerning climate governance, we focus on three proxies, namely the existence of an environmental committee, climate incentives and the existence of sustainability reports. based on a sample of companies listed on the london stock exchange for the period of 2014�2020, we find that corporate eco-innovation is positively associated with climate change commitment. we argue that firms that adopt innovative approaches to efficiently control pollution and resource use and reduce their environmental impact are more committed to climate change. we also find that climate governance is positively associated with climate change commitment. we claim that companies that integrate climate change issues in governance can help address climate change risks and opportunities. our empirical evidence provides recommendations for managers and policymakers to promote the adoption of eco-innovative technologies and integrate climate change issues in governance, which can contribute to corporate commitment to climate change. 14. title: towards an integrated framework for evaluating transformative innovation policy authors: carolina r. haddad, anna bergek abstract: in recent years, a new frame for innovation policy has emerged, namely �transformative innovation policy� (tip), which aims at addressing transformative change or �grand challenges�. such a shift in policy theory should, ideally, be reflected in policy evaluation, but the literature has so far provided little advice on how to address tip-related evaluation challenges such as directionality and system-level behavioural additionality. this paper discusses how the evaluation of policy interventions targeting system innovation can be designed to address these challenges. combining the literature on sustainability transitions with policy evaluation, we propose an integrated evaluation framework composed of three main components: (i) programme theory (programme goals, systems boundaries and desired (or accepted) development paths); (ii) system analysis (transformative outcomes); and (iii) synthesis and overall assessment (including revision of programme theory). by integrating the two sets of literature, we provide a bridge between academic research on transitions and current evaluation practices. we briefly illustrate the applicability of the integrated framework in the bioinnovation strategic innovation programme in sweden. 15. title: from hackers to start-ups: innovation commons and local entrepreneurial activity authors: alexander cuntz, jan peuckert abstract: in hacker communities, tech-savvy pioneers collect and share information on nascent technologies. the pool of information shared among users reduces uncertainty about digital technology, but, first and foremost, it reveals entrepreneurial opportunities to users in the community, which is a central tenet of innovation commons theory. in this paper, we are first to explore the role of local hackerspaces for digital entrepreneurship in german counties using cross-sectional time series data. we find that longer-lasting hackerspaces are strongly correlated with the level of digital entrepreneurship in regions, particularly in agglomerations and urban contexts. 16. title: the impact of geographical distance on learning through collaboration authors: frank van der wouden, hyejin youn abstract: there is little question that new communication and transportation technologies have effectively �shrunk the world� for a great many activities. at the same time, the �death of distance� has been greatly exaggerated, especially in fields such as academic scholarship and knowledge development where the positive benefits of knowledge spillovers remain highly distance dependent. we analyze 17.6 million publications authored by 1.7 million scholars to examine how knowledge spillovers between scholars collaborating at different geographical distances impacts their future knowledge portfolios. our results show that in 1975, scholars collaborating locally were 57 % more likely to learn from knowledge spillovers than similar scholars collaborating non-locally. we identify four factors that structure these findings. individuals deriving the greatest learning premiums from local collaboration tend to be (1) in earlier stages of their career; (2) associated with lower-ranked institutions; (3) working with fewer collaborators; and (4) in stem fields. the probability of learning drops with geographical distance and correspond to the number of institutional boundaries crossed during collaboration. we conclude that even in the 21st century, geographical distance still negatively impacts knowledge spillovers through collaboration. these findings have implications for debates in innovation and management studies concerning knowledge spillovers, the spatial organization of (knowledge-intensive) economic activity, regional innovation policies, structuring team-work and working-from-home vs. returning to office. 17. title: geographic clusters, regional productivity and resource reallocation across firms: evidence from china authors: di guo, kun jiang, chenggang xu, xiyi yang abstract: we link industrial clusters, regional productivity and resource reallocation efficiency with geographical and sectoral disaggregated data. based on a county-industry level panel from 1998 to 2007 in china, we find that industrial clusters significantly increase local industries' productivity by lifting the average firm productivity and reallocating resources from less to more productive firms. moreover, we find major mechanisms through which resource reallocation is improved within clusters: (i) clusters are associated with a higher firm turnover with increased entry and exit rates simultaneously; and (ii) within clusters' environment, the dispersion of individual firm's markup is significantly reduced, indicating intensified local competition within clusters. such results suggest that industrial clusters in china help improve regional productivity and resource allocation efficiency with intensified competition and accelerated firm dynamics. the identification issues are carefully addressed by two-stage estimations with instrumental variables and other robustness checks. 18. title: employees' entrepreneurial human capital and firm performance authors: pontus braunerhjelm, emma lappi abstract: we introduce a new measure of human capital, defined as employees' former involvement in entrepreneurship. such entrepreneurial human capital (ehc) complements traditional human capital measures accumulated through work experience and education. using detailed longitudinal register data, we track the previous years of entrepreneurial experience for the population of employees in swedish private sector firms. we provide evidence that higher ehc among employees is associated with significantly higher levels of firm productivity. the baseline result implies that a 10 % increase in employees being former entrepreneurs increases firm-level productivity by 3.9 %. additionally, we provide evidence that heterogeneity in employees' previous entrepreneurial experience (e.g., the reason for entering and exiting entrepreneurship, type of venture, length of entrepreneurial experiences, and relatedness of technology) influences the impact of ehc on productivity. the results are shown to be robust to various estimation techniques, alternative definitions of ehc, and other performance measures. 19. title: are ideas being fished out? authors: leonardo kl�ppel, anne marie knott abstract: this paper examines whether declining research productivity can be explained by fishing out�is the production of new knowledge decreasing in the level of existing knowledge? we estimate the knowledge production function for us firms and find instead that knowledge production is increasing in the knowledge stock. this is reinforced by the observations that maximum research productivity across firms is increasing over time, and that research productivity year effects continue to exhibit decline after modeling contributions from knowledge and research labor. given that fishing out appears unable to explain the decline in research productivity, we offer preliminary evidence of contingent factors that might contribute to the decline. 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