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��ࡱ�>�� u �r��bjbj�n�n2��a��a6o ��""��8��$��pl��ppppppp$r��t< p9�� p��4dpggg�v��pg�pggg��л|�s��sg�ozp0�pguofugg0u��ll��g�� p p��p��u��"qs: research policy volume 52, issue 7, september 2023 1. title: another pathway to complementarity: how users and intermediaries identify and create new combinations in innovation ecosystems authors: kathrin borner, hans berends, fleur deken, frans feldberg abstract: the value that users might derive from products and services increasingly depends on their complementarity with other products and services. whereas prior work has emphasized how firms and complementors design for complementarity, we shift attention to how complementarity arises in use. this study is situated in the smart home market where digital products offer an unbridled range of conceivable combinations, and users may combine products in their system of use that are not initially designed for complementarity. through a multi-method multiple case study, we distinguish a user pathway besides a producer pathway to establishing complementarity. complementarity presupposes both the identification of complementary combinations as well as creating technical compatibility between products. in the producer pathway, firms focus mostly on creating technical compatibility while in the user pathway, users identify complementary combinations that go beyond those foreseen by firms. intermediary toolkits can assist users in creating combinations, and we find that, ultimately, the user pathway also facilitates the producer pathway. our findings offer insights into the important role of users and intermediaries in innovation ecosystems and extend the scope of user innovation. 2. title: how does competition influence innovative effort within a platform-based ecosystem? contrasting paid and unpaid contributors authors: milan miric, lars bo jeppesen abstract: unpaid individuals are an important source of contributions to many ecosystems. an understudied phenomenon is how such contributions are shaped by competition. in this paper, we study how the rate and type of new product creation are shaped by competition. we contrast its impact on �paid� developers that profit by selling their products to that on �unpaid� developers that release their software for free. using a hand-collected dataset on the jailbreak ecosystem, we find that increasing competition has a stronger negative effect on the rate of innovation by paid developers than that of unpaid developers. we also find that increasing competition is associated with a reduction in the reuse of existing technological components by unpaid developers, relative to paid developers, suggesting that the types of products developed also shift as competition increases. the results suggest that competition has an important role in shaping innovation in platform-based ecosystems, but that it differs for paid and unpaid contributors. 3. title: getting schooled: universities and vc-backed immigrant entrepreneurs authors: natee amornsiripanitch, paul a. gompers, george hu, kaushik vasudevan abstract: this paper analyzes how us universities contribute to the quantity and quality of vc-backed immigrant entrepreneurship in the us. using a novel data set that identifies immigration status and education history for the near-universe of vc-backed founders in the us, we document several interrelated facts. first, immigrants contribute disproportionately to us vc-backed entrepreneurship, accounting for approximately 20 % of vc-backed companies. more than 75 % of these immigrant entrepreneurs obtained post-secondary education in the us, which suggests that higher education represents a primary entry channel for foreign entrepreneurial talent into the country. given these facts, we assess how universities shape both the geographic distribution and the quality of immigrant entrepreneurship. close to 40 % of us-educated immigrants start a company in the state of their alma mater, suggesting that place of education substantially impacts immigrant entrepreneurs' startup location choice. regarding firm quality, immigrant founders are also more likely to found financially successful and scientifically innovative startups than their us-born counterparts. altogether, the results suggest that foreign students educated in us universities substantially contribute to local and national vc-backed entrepreneurship, thereby identifying higher education's global scope as a potential tool to attract entrepreneurial talent and encourage entrepreneurial growth. 4. title: trade secrets laws and technology spillovers authors: yanzhi wang abstract: this article examines whether and to what extent the uniform trade secrets act (utsa) affects technology spillovers between focal firms (i.e., receivers of spillovers) and peers (i.e., senders of spillovers). i find that technology spillovers from peers located in states adopting the utsa are 27 % to 51 % lower than technology spillovers from peers located in states not adopting the utsa. focal firms whose peers come from the utsa states have fewer migrant inventors than firms whose peers come from non-utsa states. 5. title: a simple measure of economic complexity authors: sabiou inoua abstract: contrary to conventional economic growth theory, which reduces a country's output to one aggregate variable (gdp), product diversity is central to economic development, as recent �economic complexity� research suggests. a country's product diversity reflects its diversity of knowhow or �capabilities�. researchers proposed the economic complexity index (eci) and the country fitness index to estimate a country's number of capabilities from international export data; these measures predict economic growth better than conventional variables such as human capital. this paper offers a simpler measure of a country's knowhow, log product diversity (or lpd, the logarithm of a country's number of products), which can be derived from a one-parameter combinatorial model of production in which a set of knowhows combine with some probability to turn raw materials into a product. eci and log-fitness can be interpreted theoretically (using the combinatorial model) and empirically as potentially noisy estimates of lpd; moreover, controlling for natural resources, the simple measure better explains the cross-country differences in gdp and in gdp per capita. 6. title: affiliation bias in peer review and the gender gap authors: kao si, yiwei li, chao ma, feng guo abstract: we document an affiliation bias in top chinese journals and the gender gap in the current affiliation effect. we find that papers written by researchers who are affiliated with the journals' host institutions on average receive fewer citation counts than those written by non-affiliated researchers. moreover, we show that this affiliation bias is greater for men than for women. we propose that the current effect can be accounted for by a social capital mechanism, and we provide evidence consistent with our proposition. in addition, the results of our analyses demonstrate heterogeneity of the affiliation bias and the gender gap with regard to researcher status. we discuss alternative mechanisms of the current effect and implications of our research. 7. title: crowd-based feedback and early-stage entrepreneurial performance: evidence from a digital platform authors: aurelien quignon abstract: the ability to identify early-stage venture potential, which has traditionally relied on experts, is challenging because new ideas are uncertain. however, judgment from a large number of evaluators can effectively identify promising ventures. this paper empirically studies whether crowd-based information generates informative feedback for entrepreneurs and seed investors. using data on 701 early-stage founders of new ventures examined by 2600 evaluators, i estimated the effects of crowd-based ratings on survival and securing seed funds. i find that the crowd rating was uncorrelated with subsequent financing events from seed investors but increased a venture's probability of continuation by 3.1 percentage points. this effect became stronger as the number of evaluators increased. this finding highlights that a judgment aggregation offers information for nascent venture founders. 8. title: market for technology 2.0? reassessing the role of complementary assets on licensing decisions authors: solon moreira, thomas maximilian klueter, aman asija abstract: the ability to access specialized complementary assets has been key to explaining how firms benefit from their technological innovations. when firms lack complementary assets the more likely they have to rely on markets for technology to profit from their r&d investments. we extend this view documenting the emergence of a new type of industry intermediary, contract development & manufacturing organizations (cdmos), which provide access to complementary assets on a per-use basis. cdmos allow firms to contract for complementary assets at variable costs without the need to invest in such assets internally. this opens up new product development paths, in which firms do not out-license their products to firms with complementary assets but sustain their development in-house using cdmos. we highlight that the expansion of services offered by cdmos changes the nature of the industry's source of competitive advantage and provide empirical evidence that the expansion of cdmos is associated with a decline in the number of out-licensing deals among us biopharmaceutical firms. in so doing, the study explains how innovation intermediaries like cdmos can have a profound effect on an industry's specialized complementary assets and the market for technology. 9. title: global development agenda meets local opportunities: the rise of development-focused entrepreneurship support authors: stephan manning, stanislav vavilov abstract: emerging economies provide abundant opportunities for entrepreneurship with social impact, but they often lack the resources to support it. this dilemma has led to the emergence of �development-focused entrepreneurship support� (dfes), which is typically provided by development organizations in the global north, and which targets impact-oriented entrepreneurs operating in the global south. this study examines, based on rich qualitative data from the u.s., rwanda and uganda, how international dfes organizations (idfesos) support entrepreneurs. we show that idfesos link entrepreneurship support to development goals, and thereby make entrepreneurs part of development aid chains. towards this end, idfesos build three interrelated support infrastructures � or �scaffolds�: individual resource channels, local ecosystem capacity, and transnational infrastructures. findings have important implications for entrepreneurship and international development research, while also raising critical questions about new dependencies between global north and global south. 10. title: configuration of inclusive innovation systems: function, agents and capabilities authors: mar�a luisa villalba morales, walter ruiz casta�eda, jorge robledo vel�squez abstract: social exclusion represents a major challenge to policies advocating sustainable development in the global south. although this is a problem not prioritized in the realms of innovation policy focused on economic growth and competitiveness, it is now widely accepted that innovation may contribute significantly to the well-being of the social excluded. however, it is debated whether the innovation system approach is capable of informing transformational innovation policies aiming at overcoming social exclusion and other global challenges. this paper argues that the system innovation approach is adequate for facing this endeavour and identifies key constituent elements of innovation systems which are necessary for inclusion to emerge from the system dynamics. we illustrate the elements of this system configuration drawing upon the case of the appropriation of biorational approaches in pest management and precision agriculture techniques by a group of peasants in a rural village in colombia. the proposal considers new elements that configure inclusive innovation systems in an agent-based, bottom-up perspective, such as new agents, capabilities, directionalities, and the integration of traditional knowledge with scientific and technology knowledge, elements that enable a new system function. in terms of policy implications, some reflections are made on favouring the sustainability paradigm and promoting inclusive learning processes. 11. title: specialisation precedes diversification: r&d productivity effects authors: james foreman-peck, peng zhou abstract: we model how r&d enters the innovation system in four ways (intramural, extramural, cooperative, and spillover). despite measuring three different spillovers together, for a very large sample of european enterprises we conclude that the productivity effects of spillovers were at best smaller than intramural r&d productivity effects. we also find that building on the greater skills and experience of enterprises already undertaking r&d (intensity) raised labour productivity more than providing support for those beginning r&d (extensity). optimal extramural r&d intensity was higher than the actual level; sample firms could boost productivity either by abandoning extramural r&d or by doing much more. there were substantial differences in our sample between enterprises and countries in terms of r&d spillovers. greater multinational corporation incidence in new eu members accounted for these countries' high direct r&d intensity productivity, regardless of their generally low overall labour productivity. absorptive capacity made little difference to the utilisation of spillovers. 12. title: patent regime and the geography of cumulative innovation authors: qinyu ryan wang, yanfeng zheng abstract: the localization effect of cumulative innovation was strengthening in the past few decades, a puzzling trend given the decreasing cost of knowledge transmission. to unravel this puzzle, we attend to patent regime and propose a legal perspective. we illustrate with a stylized model that a pro-patent regime re-distributes profits from later innovators to initial patent owners, which discourages distant followers with higher learning and licensing costs and therefore leads to stronger localization of cumulative innovation. we test the model predictions by exploiting an unexpected pro-patent regime change�the creation of the court of appeals for the federal circuit. we find that follow-on innovations became more localized after patents were strengthened in litigation, especially in regions that experienced a greater increase in patent enforceability. a series of robustness tests and cross-sectional analyses strongly support this finding. interestingly, we find that scientific knowledge diffusion, which was unaffected by patent regime, became less localized during the same period. our paper shows that patent regime can shape the geography of cumulative innovation, which has profound implications for firm strategies and policymaking. 13. title: the geography of breakthrough invention in the united states over the 20th century authors: christopher r. esposito abstract: the geography of breakthrough invention in the u.s. � defined as the spatial distribution of the production of patents that are both novel and impactful � underwent three broad changes during the 20th century. at the start of the century, breakthrough invention was concentrated in populous metropolitan areas with high levels of local knowledge variety. by the 1930s, breakthroughs were created less frequently across the entire country and so their invention had a less distinct geography. the substantial creation of breakthroughs resumed in the 1960s, and while their invention was once again concentrated in major metropolitan areas with high knowledge variety, they frequently involved long-distance collaboration. in this article, i document these changes and propose a theory to interpret why they occurred. the theory emphasizes how changes in inventors' institutional and communication technology environments influence the geographical locations that are advantageous for breakthrough invention. in support of the model, i find that the disruptiveness of the regime of technological change, the knowledge intensity of breakthroughs, the distance-based frictions incurred by collaboration technologies, and the distance-based frictions incurred by knowledge-sourcing technologies help to predict the spatial distribution of breakthrough invention. to conclude the article, i discuss lessons that the 20th century's geography of breakthrough innovation provide for anticipating the geography of innovation in the 21st century, including in the years beyond covid-19. 14. title: big data and dynamic capabilities in the digital revolution: the hidden role of source variety authors: mattia pedota abstract: recent research frames big data as a resource enhancing dynamic capabilities through improved prediction, decision-making, and data-driven innovation. in contrast, this study frames big data as an evolutionary driver that channels firms' knowledge and attention in specific directions, implying that firms need multiple big data sources to be receptive and dynamically capable. i apply this framework to the context of the digital revolution and focus on the impact of big data on firms' digitalization priorities. by leveraging a large-scale survey of more than twenty thousand italian firms of all sizes, i find that big data improves the digitalization awareness of firms only if they gather big data from more than one source (otherwise, counterintuitively, it may even decrease it). i also find a positive effect of source variety both on the likelihood of prioritizing individual digitalization factors and on the variety of digitalization factors prioritized. such effects appear to be stronger for small firms relative to their larger counterparts. given the path dependence of digitalization trajectories, these findings have relevant policy implications in the context of initiatives like the european strategy for data and the sme strategy for a sustainable and digital europe. 15. title: reconceptualising innovation failure authors: david baxter, paul trott, paul ellwood abstract: this study examines the concept of innovation failure. it is a problematic subject without an accepted definition. for different stakeholders the same innovation can be both a success and a failure at the same time. the academic literature has concentrated on the determinants of innovation success. yet, there is a notable lack of academic literature that deals with innovation failure as a topic in its own right. as a result, there is limited attention to, and little consensus on, the meaning of innovation failure. existing definitions imply a highly contingent conceptualisation of innovation failure informed by the different theoretical framings and disciplinary interests of the researchers. we adopt a systematic literature review methodology that examines the concept of innovation failure at the level of the firm and from an innovation management perspective. the findings of this review are based on a total of 69 peer-reviewed articles from 1977 to 2021. we find the concept is widely used yet poorly defined and frequently lacks any theoretical underpinning. by means of a theory-building inductive synthesis our findings contribute to research by reconceptualising the concept of innovation failure along three processual dimensions: failure-as-experimentation; "judgement and -event. 16. title: private and social functions of patents: innovation, markets, and new firms authors: alfonso gambardella abstract: this article provides a review of the private and social functions of patents using data and evidence from the economic and management literature. while patents provide incentives to invent by providing private protection to appropriate the returns on inventions, they also have broader effects. for example, in this paper we focus on the fact that they provide signals about the value of new firms, disclose information about the invention, and encourage the exchange of inventions and ideas in markets for technology. in order to better understand the relative importance of the implications of patents, patent agencies and stakeholders should invest to a greater extent in data collections or in creating the conditions for research designs and experiments that nail down causal effects and mechanisms. available data are not created with these identification strategies in mind, which limits the questions that scholars can ask. systematic studies that identify different effects of patents can provide the basis for rigorous evidence-based management and policy about patents. this would imply a wider shift from a world in which managerial and policy analysis is distinct from practice, to a world in which analysis and implementation are increasingly co-produced, and there is greater integration between them. 17. title: financial and knowledge barriers to innovation: complementary and substitution effects on innovative effort authors: micaela vidal jaureguy, carlos bianchi, pablo blanchard abstract: innovation studies have thoroughly analysed how firms' perception of barriers affects their innovative behaviour. we contribute to this line of research by analysing complementary and substitution effects between financial barriers, internal knowledge barriers and external knowledge barriers on firms' innovative effort. using a panel data set of uruguayan firms between 2006 and 2015, we add to empirical studies on this topic by estimating both unconditional and conditional complementary and substitution effects between these innovation barriers. we apply an econometric two-step specification that includes an estimation of instrumental variables, which allows us to control for endogeneity biases in the supermodularity and submodularity tests. we find significant evidence that external and internal knowledge barriers reinforce each other's effects (complementary effects), conditional on the absence of financial barriers. we also find that financial and internal knowledge barriers mitigate each other's effects (substitution effects) conditional on the firm's perception of external knowledge barriers. additionally, we find substitution effects between financial and external knowledge barriers, conditional on the firm's perception of internal knowledge barriers. we discuss these results against the backdrop of uruguayan innovation policies during the period studied, and stress the necessary articulation between instruments that will help strengthen firms' innovation management to recognize and manage innovation barriers. 18. title: too official to be effective: an empirical examination of unofficial information channel and continued use of retracted articles authors: haifeng xu, yi ding, cheng zhang, bernard c.y. tan abstract: due to the inadequacy of official notices in disseminating retraction information, a significant proportion of retracted articles continue to be cited in the post-retraction period. there are adverse consequences of citing such questionable articles. this study extends the literature on official versus unofficial information channels by examining three key roles that unofficial information channels can play in disseminating retraction information (i.e., providing broader reach for information dissemination, packaging information from different sources, and creating new information) as well as the effects of these roles. an unofficial information channel affords a broader reach for information dissemination, which reduces post-retraction citations. moreover, according to the information processing theory, different types of additional information (that comes from the ability of an unofficial information channel to package information from different sources or create new information) can moderate such effect. leveraging on the launch of retraction watch (rw), an unofficial information channel for reporting retractions, this study designed a natural experiment and found that reporting retractions on rw significantly reduced post-retraction citations of non-swiftly retracted articles in biomedical sciences. furthermore, additional author-related and retraction-related information provided on rw enhanced the main effect, whereas additional article-related information provided on rw weakened the main effect. 19. title: organizing for transformative innovation policies: the role of social enterprises. theoretical insights and evidence from italy authors: mario calderini, magali fia, francesco gerli abstract: transformative innovation policies can provide systemic solutions to socio-environmental challenges because of their �experimental�, �reflexive� and �inclusive� character. we contend that social enterprises can act as catalysts for transformative innovation for the geographically and socially marginalized. thus, including social enterprises in transformative innovation policies can mitigate the negative effects of innovation-based growth, making policies more socially and geographically inclusive. following a syncretic approach to the literatures on transformative innovation policies and social entrepreneurship, this paper identifies the key dimensions of social enterprises' transformative innovation potential: directionality (i.e., social goals as the purpose of innovation); social and geographical inclusiveness (i.e., the inclusion of marginalized areas and individuals in the provision of goods or services); reflexivity (in terms of participatory governance and monitoring the achievement of goals); and experimental character (in terms of establishing partnerships with heterogeneous actors). we then assess this capacity through an exploratory cluster analysis of italian social enterprises. we identify three distinct groups that suggest a range of entrepreneurial approaches from largely transformative to not at all. the transformative innovation readiness of social enterprises has implications for policymakers seeking to undertake pilot schemes and implement actions that support an appropriately transformative innovation ecosystem. 20. title: the nber orange book dataset: a user�s guide authors: maya durvasula, c. scott hemphill, lisa larrimore ouellette, bhaven sampat, heidi l. williams abstract: this paper introduces a newly digitized, open-access version of the food and drug administration�s �orange book��a linkage between approved small-molecule drugs and the patents that protect them. the orange book also reports any applicable regulatory exclusivity that prevents competitive entry. we summarize the orange book�s coverage and discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with using these data for research. empirical validations against various administrative datasets suggest that orange book records are, largely, complete and accurate. we conclude with a specific use case�calculating legal exclusivity periods for drugs�to highlight the types of choices that researchers must make when using this resource. 21. title: comments on �ranking researchers: evidence from indonesia� by fry et al. (2023) authors: dasapta erwin irawan, juneman abraham, ilham akhsanu ridlo, harya dwi nugraha, ... cahyo abstract: the fry et al. article suggests that productivity can be improved by ranking researchers on a platform, but this assumption overlooks the possibility that previous resource allocation may not have been inefficient. the proposed solution simply shifts resources towards measurable metrics, such as sinta, without a clear understanding of its long-term effects. therefore, it is important to consider potential trade-offs and be mindful of whether such policies are beneficial in the future. the authors suggest that fry et al. should broaden their sources and engage with stakeholders to gain a nuanced understanding of the local context and challenges confronting researchers in indonesia. they also emphasize the importance of prioritizing research integrity over traditional metrics and rankings, aligning research funding allocation with national development priorities, and 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