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volume 30, issue 5, dec 2010
1. title: decentralization as a conflict transformation tool: the challenge in kosovo
authors: roland gjoni, anna wetterberg and david dunbar
abstract: perspectives are divided on whether decentralization can ease ethnic conflict. this article considers whether asymmetric decentralization reforms in kosovo have reduced tensions between kosovo albanians (k-albanians) and serbs (k-serbs). we argue that because decentralization has been linked to kosovo's sovereignty in the years after the nato bombings, during the final status talks, and after independence, it has not achieved intended outcomes throughout the territory of kosovo. instead of assuaging tensions and generating allegiance to the central government, decentralization has re-inforced ethnic divisions and strengthened k-serb ties to serbia, particularly in northern kosovo. concessions to majority serb municipalities in kosovo have been seen by k-serbs as a bribe to buy acceptance of independence, while k-albanians question their leaders' continued policy of asymmetric decentralization. since independence, there have been some encouraging developments in southern municipalities, where k-serbs have participated in municipal elections organized by pristina. based on kosovo's experience, we argue that policy-makers must consider the impact of decentralization reforms at multiple levels of conflict. further, although we find that decentralization may engage minorities in political processes if reforms are attempted after the establishment of a central government, we caution that it must be combined with policies to encourage interaction and dialogue between ethnic groups if it is to assuage conflict.
2. title: the albanian approach to municipal borrowing: from centralized control to market discipline
authors: denita cepiku and riccardo mussari
abstract: local governments (lgs) in transitional countries face pressing infrastructure needs, which, given the severe shortcomings of traditional funding, make a strong case for debt financing. this article explores the case study of albania, using document analysis and interviews with mayors, civil servants, citizens and investors. we go beyond an analysis of technical aspects (macroeconomic conditions and legal constraints on borrowing) to include �soft� elements (political and managerial issues, attitudes of key actors), with the aim of highlighting the approach adopted under current policies and the approach that should be adopted. favorable macroeconomic conditions and the completeness of the legal framework have motivated policy-makers to choose the market model. their aim is to develop the financial market rapidly; however, the development of sound management systems at the local level is largely ignored. we argue that the role of managerial capacities, public accountability and professional mechanisms is not adequately taken into account. future policies need to make the best use of some early experiences of public participation and build upon the extensive training in accounting and auditing issues provided to local civil servants in order to exploit other models of municipal borrowing control.
3. title: local government discretion and accountability in burkina faso
authors: sylvie mahieu and serdar yilmaz
abstract: burkina faso opted for a progressive approach to decentralization reforms, aiming at building local government capacity first before transferring responsibilities. we employ a diagnostic framework to analyze local government discretion and accountability in burkina faso. we find that local governments have a very low degree of discretionary power accompanied with weak accountability towards citizens at all levels. in the political and administrative spheres, the center plays a dominant role in local government affairs leaving little space for discretion. in the fiscal sphere, taxing powers are restricted, while transfers are insufficient and unpredictable, making local financial management extremely difficult.
4. title: the application of new public management doctrines in the developing world: an exploratory study of the autonomy and control of executive agencies in tanzania
authors: andrew sulle
abstract: this article examines the agencification of public service in tanzania. this is discussed with reference to the new public management (npm)-inspired reforms of which the creation of executive agencies is one of its core features. the article attempts to understand the extent to which executive agencies in tanzania display characteristic features of an ideal-agency model as propagated by the npm reform doctrines. key features of the ideal-agency model have been described as structural disaggregation, autonomy and contractualisation. it questions views held by many npm-minded reformers, such as the eu and world bank that this model is universally applicable and can be emulated in different parts of the world. the article's assumption is that the npm-agency model is based on a weak empirical foundation and its universal applicability is questionable. to illustrate our arguments we confront the npm-agency model with the empirical data drawn from the agencification of public services in tanzania. findings indicate that agencies in tanzania display hybrid characteristics in terms of their autonomy and control. our conclusion is that the universality of npm-agency model is illusive.
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