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��ࡱ�>�� u �r�"�bjbj�n�n2��a��a� ��""��8��,�rl��q�q�q�q�q�q�q$ps�&v<�q��q��4�q111��q1��q111��q�h��f1oq�q0r1bv�:bv11�/bv�nd��1��q�q��r��bv��"qs: research policy volume 52, issue 8, october 2023 1. title: interfaces, modularity and ecosystem emergence: how darpa modularized the semiconductor ecosystem authors: jennifer kuan, joel west abstract: scholars have identified the pivotal role that modularity plays in promoting innovation. modularity affects industry structure by breaking up the value chain along technical interfaces, thereby allowing new entrants to specialize and innovate. less well-understood is where modularity comes from. firms seem to behave consistently with the theory in some settings, especially the information technology sector, but not in others, such as automobiles. here we show how the government has a role to play in generating open interfaces needed for modularity, utilizing a case study of the semiconductor industry from 1970 to 1980. we show how the defense department's support for this effort aligned with its mission-based interest in semiconductors. we thus contribute a new source of open standards to the modularity literature, as well as a new analytical perspective to the public research funding literature. 2. title: standards and innovation: a review and introduction to the special issue authors: knut blind, martin kenney, aija leiponen, timothy simcoe abstract: standards are connected to innovation in numerous ways. they often define the interfaces that products use to communicate, the features that are critical for safety, and even the metrics by which innovation is assessed. interest in standards has grown with the widespread adoption of digital technologies, the rise in global trade, and the recognition that standards can provide urgently needed tools for measuring and promoting environmental and social sustainability. this introduction to the special issue on standards and innovation describes some of the key trends and issues related to standardization, then outlines themes that link the ten papers in the special issue, and concludes with some thoughts on avenues for future research. 3. title: batman forever? the role of trademarks for reuse in the us comics industry authors: franziska kaiser, alexander cuntz, christian peukert abstract: we study how trademarks affect reuse of creative works in the comics industry. as a creative industry, the comics industry systematically relies on k8凯发天生赢家 copyrights. but trademark protection can also be exploited to generate income from the reuse of comic characters or to strategically exclude others from reuse. our unique data set combines us trademark records of comic characters with information on reuse in print media and franchise products from 1990 to 2017. we find that, on average, additional trademark protection is associated with a reduction in reuse in printed comic books of about 19%. we highlight three mechanisms: first, the negative relationship between trademarking and reuse has been especially pronounced since the early 2000s, when the arrival of digital technologies lowered the costs of entry, promotion, and distribution. second, our results are driven by less reuse by third parties, not trademark holders. third, reuse is higher when trademark owners license comic characters to third parties. the negative association between trademarking and reuse carries over to franchise products, but it is weaker and tied to the era of digitization, with a 2% decline in reuse in franchise movies and 9% lower reuse in video games. 4. title: are patent offices substitutes? authors: elise petit, bruno van pottelsberghe de la potterie, lluis gimeno-fabra abstract: this paper evaluates whether and to what extent search and examination processes at patent offices are substitutes. based on an original dataset comprising 4.884 patents filed simultaneously in japan, the usa and europe, the empirical analysis confirms that the degree of substitution is significant within the pct framework. when patent offices have access to the search for prior art of other offices, they search into less technology classes, send fewer communications, or rely more on international citations. they also cite 12 % to 32 % less prior art. further substitution could still be achieved, as 8 % to 27 % of remaining backward citations are duplicates -voluntarily or not - of prior work. taken together, work reductions and overlaps witness a degree of substitution of about 37 % between the three patent offices. 5. title: revisiting the consequences of loans secured by patents on technological firms' intellectual property and innovation strategies authors: c�cile ayerbe, jamal azzam, selma boussetta, julien p�nin abstract: this article analyzes the impact of loans secured by patents (lsps) on the intellectual property and innovation strategy of technological firms that benefit from them. the literature mostly emphasizes that lsps, by reducing the risk taken by lenders in case of borrowers' default, facilitate the financing of technological firms. however, it remains silent on the impact of lsps on the behavior and strategy of borrowers. with regard to this second point, our research suggests that lsps are not neutral. in particular, we provide evidence that lsps might induce technological firms to deviate from innovative activities toward more short-term strategies based on the monetization and litigation of their patents. we also show that financing groups might attempt to encourage this strategic change. our research is based, first, on empirical insights provided by a qualitative analysis of publicly known lsps offered by an international investment group and their consequences for four borrowers. second, we propose a theoretical model that formally explores how lsps might impact borrowers' strategies. even though the welfare implications of these findings are difficult to evaluate, this research has likely important economic and managerial implications with regard to intellectual property management, the financing of innovation and the organization of the innovation process. 6. title: unintended consequences of outcome based compensation � how ceo bonuses, stocks and stock options affect their firms' patent litigation authors: nikolaos papageorgiadis, andreas procopiou, wolfgang sofka abstract: enforcing a firm's patents is crucial for defending its competitive advantage. ceos are central for making these strategic decisions but we know little about how their individual incentives shape their decision-making. we integrate theory from outcome-based ceo compensation designs into models explaining firms' decisions to become plaintiffs in patent litigation. based on how compensation shapes time horizons and risk-taking of ceos, we predict that ceo compensation tied to stock increases the firm's likelihood to enforce patents, while bonuses and stock options reduce it. further, we reason that the tenacity of patent disputes in an industry creates a boundary condition for the effects of ceo compensation because they curtail the degree of agency that ceos have for incorporating their personal incentives when making litigation decisions for the firm. we test these hypotheses for 2302 us firms with 4420 different ceos and 3451 patent litigation cases between 1997 and 2015 and find support for all hypotheses with the exception of the boundary condition for stocks as ceo compensation. these findings advance existing theory on firms' decision-making on patent litigation by explicating how firm and ceo incentives can diverge with direct consequences for the likelihood of litigation to occur. 7. title: does public r&d funding crowd-in private r&d investment? evidence from military r&d expenditures for us states authors: gianluca pallante, emanuele russo, andrea roventini abstract: defense r&d represents the largest component of us public r&d spending and historically has promoted a wide range of civilian innovations. however, the empirical evidence on the impact of defense r&d is scant and it does not provide conclusive results on the possible crowding-in (-out) effects on private r&d investment. exploiting a longitudinal dataset linking public r&d obligations to private r&d expenditures for us states, we investigate the impact of defense r&d on privately-financed r&d. to address potential endogeneity in the allocation of funds, we use an instrumental variable identification strategy leveraging the differential exposure of us states to national shocks in federal military r&d. we document considerable crowding-in effects with elasticities in the 0.11�0.14 range. these positive effects extend also to the labor market, when focusing on employment in selected r&d intensive industries and especially for engineers. 8. title: competition makes it better: evidence on when firms use it more effectively authors: leonardo iacovone, mariana pereira-l�pez, marc schiffbauer abstract: we study how technology upgrading through investment in information and communication technologies (it henceforth) influences firm performance in the context of a developing country. we rely on a novel firm-level data set covering a large sample of mexican manufacturing companies with detailed information on it. we show that the impact of it investment is only positive for firms that were exposed to an exogenous competitive shock due to the increase in competition from china after its wto accession. we argue that incentives provided by competition are key in leading firms to make more effective use of the new information technologies. we also find evidence that these results are driven by the complementarity between it investments and organizational or process changes within firms, specifically under the incentives of heightened international competitive pressures. 9. title: firm innovation and generalized trust as a regional resource authors: thore s�ren bischoff, ann hipp, petrik runst abstract: generalized trust represents an important regional resource for a firm. it increases human capital, fosters frequent interaction and information sharing, and lowers transaction costs. we provide empirical evidence on the impact of generalized trust among people on firm innovation in german regions. our observation period ranges from 2004 to 2018. a trust measure is generated by using survey data from the german socio-economic panel, firm-level data is obtained from the mannheim innovation panel and regional data is retrieved from the inkar database. we apply a 3-level multilevel model, with yearly observations nested in firms, which are nested in regions. our results show that the relationship between trust and firm innovation has an inverted u-shape. an increase in trust is particularly beneficial for firms inside regions with very low levels of trust, and in small and medium-sized enterprises, especially those that operate in the doing-using-interacting mode of innovation (dui) with an emphasis on employee freedom and creativity. 10. title: do bibliometrics introduce gender, institutional or interdisciplinary biases into research evaluations? authors: mike thelwall, kayvan kousha, emma stuart, meiko makita, ... jonathan levitt abstract: systematic evaluations of publicly funded research sometimes use bibliometrics alone or bibliometric-informed peer review, but it is not known whether bibliometrics introduce biases when supporting or replacing peer review. this article assesses this by comparing three alternative mechanisms for scoring 73,612 uk research excellence framework (ref) journal articles from all 34 field-based units of assessment (uoas) 2014�17: ref peer review scores, field normalised citations, and journal average field normalised citation impact. the results suggest that in almost all academic fields, bibliometric scoring can disadvantage departments publishing high quality research, as judged by peer review, with the main exception of article citation rates in chemistry. thus, introducing journal or article level citation information into peer review exercises may have a regression to the mean effect. bibliometric scoring slightly advantaged women compared to men, but this varied between uoas and was most evident in the physical sciences, engineering, and social sciences. in contrast, interdisciplinary research gained from bibliometric scoring in about half of the uoas, but relatively substantially in two. in conclusion, out of the three potential sources of bibliometric bias examined, the most serious seems to be the tendency for bibliometric scores to work against high quality departments, assuming that the peer review scores are correct. this is almost a paradox: although high quality departments tend to get the highest bibliometric scores, bibliometrics conceal the full extent of departmental quality advantages, as judged by peer review. this should be considered when using bibliometrics or bibliometric informed peer review. 11. title: intellectual property coordinators' cohorts: a study into the imprints in university technology transfer authors: dolores modic, jana suklan abstract: the primary aim of technology transfer offices (ttos) is to enhance technology transfers, resulting in the commercialization of science. technology transfer has typically been analyzed at the individual level of the core research staff or with the focus on the tto as a whole, overlooking the fact that the university technology transfer is administered by intellectual property (ip) coordinators. this paper focuses on exposing a potentially crucial factor in technology transfer; the effects of cohorts based on imprinting. the imprinting theory implies that imprints are persistent and manifest themselves in the core activities of the ip coordinators' cohorts in the long term. we bring to light the effects of ip coordinators' cohorts on patenting and licensing, and test a conceptual model of inter-cohort variability. we analyze the patenting and licensing data of 18,393 patent cases and 845 licensed cases, handled by 63 ip coordinators. in combination with human resource data, we show that in the technology transfer process, ip coordinators�' cohorts matter. using discriminant analysis, we demonstrate that some aspects of technology transfer activities are more typical for one cohort than the others. variations between cohorts suggest that they are influenced by the prevailing practices inside the tto at the time of hiring. cohort patterns are also distinct in the two key technology transfer activities (patenting and licensing). regression analysis shows that cohort effects remain resistant to erosion even when faced with subsequent changes as captured by organizational and individual time-period effects. 12. title: landmarks as lighthouses: firms' innovation and modes of exit during the business cycle authors: elena cefis, alex coad, alessandro lucini-paioni abstract: we revisit the relationship between innovation and survival, tracking how innovation types (product, process, organizational, and marketing innovation) relate to exit routes (closure, failure, m&a) during different phases of the business cycle (i.e. normal times, the 2007�08 financial crisis and subsequent recovery). in particular, we implemented a new (to the economic field) econometric approach, landmark analysis, to include time-varying covariates in survival models with competing exit routes on our representative sample of dutch firms (obtained merging monthly register data with biennial innovation surveys, for 2006�2015). our most straightforward result is that each type of innovation, across the different phases of the business cycle, affects, in a substantially different way, the likelihood to exit the market through different modes of exit. innovations seems to grant some innovation premium, but no common pattern appears between the evolution of the relationships between different types of innovation and exit routes across the business cycle. 13. title: ecological community logics, identifiable business ownership, and green innovation as a company response authors: yannick bammens, paul h�nermund abstract: we investigate which companies are more inclined to respond with green innovation to ecological community logics. we propose that the noneconomic utility of doing so � in the form of personal reputation gains for business owners � is greater when owner identifiability is higher, and that owner identifiability therefore intensifies the effect of normative ecological community pressures on firm-level green innovation. our hypotheses are tested on a sample of over 2800 german firms using instrumental variable regression analyses and we find empirical support for our ideas. this study advances the institutional sustainability literature by explaining how community- and firm-level attributes interact to account for heterogeneity in firms' green innovation activities. 14. title: geographic isolation, trade secrecy, and innovation authors: andrea contigiani, marco testoni abstract: this paper studies the impact of geographic isolation on innovation. geographically isolated regions have lower access to distant knowledge and, thus, may be less effective in producing innovation. in addition, this effect may be moderated by frictions in the labor market, such as trade secrecy protection, that hinder access to local knowledge. to explore this argument, we build a comprehensive dataset of us cbsas for the period 1971�2014, combining data on travel time, trade secrecy protection, and patenting activity. we find that geographic isolation has a substantial negative impact on innovation quantity and quality. this relationship is at least partially explained by lower access to existing knowledge, as geographic isolation hinders collaboration and, to some extent, mobility. the negative effect is especially pronounced in regions characterized by strong trade secrecy protection. overall, the evidence suggests that the combination of geographic isolation and trade secrecy protection is detrimental to the innovation performance of regions. 15. title: heroes of diffusion: making user innovations widely available authors: jeroen p.j. de jong, coen rigtering, lara spaans abstract: user innovations are often valuable to other people, but fail to diffuse because users lack incentives to do a dissemination effort. past research recognized that users sometimes spur diffusion themselves, and that producers may search for and commercialize user innovations. in this study we identify a third type of actor who fills the void between initial solution and broad dissemination - without being a potential user or commercial diffuser himself. we document a case study at an academic hospital where workers created and institutionalized a system to support and disseminate user innovations developed by nurses. they proactively created a network with makerspace facilities, without being asked or instructed to do so. these workers fulfilled a disseminator role: they continued to develop user innovations to make adoption easy, explored commercial pathways, mobilized peer demand, and created favorable project conditions. interestingly, the diffusion system was institutionalized by job crafting, securing budgets, embedding diffusion activities in the organization chart, and developing strategic relationships. disseminators were motivated by self-actualization, enjoyment, reputation advancement, and altruism towards the nursing community; they strived to become �heroes of diffusion�. we conclude that a disseminator role in-between user innovators, and peer adopters and commercial producers, represents an alternative mechanism for user innovations to spread widely, and opens opportunities for new research. 16. title: anticipatory innovation of professional services: the case of auditing and artificial intelligence authors: masashi goto abstract: with the rise of artificial intelligence (ai), professional services firms (psfs) need to innovate their services to adapt to ai. however, traditional ad hoc innovations driven by individual professionals have limitations in incorporating new technology outside their expertise. although service r&d�an organizational function for centralized coordination of service innovations in strategically targeted areas�is potentially effective, studies on service r&d have still been scarce. this case study aims to fill the gap by examining how psfs can establish and utilize service r&d to innovate services, overcoming the challenges of ai adoption. an in-depth qualitative study was conducted on the process by which the big four audit firms incorporated ai into their external audit service in japan in the 2010s. the analysis shows the detailed process of how newly created service r&d organizations advanced ai adoption in the case firms. this study contributes to the literature on innovations in services and psfs by (1) demonstrating the neglected but critical role of service r&d as an innovation enabler beyond the existing expertise of service firms, (2) constructing a three-phase model of the evolution of the service r&d function, and (3) suggesting the significance of innovation process design for the legitimation of innovations. this study also expands our knowledge of ai adoption, presenting a process tailored to address the challenges inherent in ai adoption for psfs. 17. title: the dynamics of abandoned innovation activities: learning from failure or learning to prevent failure? authors: james h. love, stephen roper, priit vahter abstract: we contribute to the literature on abandonment and innovation by showing the dynamic nature of the linkage between abandoned innovation activities and subsequent innovation outcomes at firm level. based on a balanced panel of spanish manufacturing firms from 2008 to 2016, we demonstrate that abandoning innovation not only leads to more successful innovation, but that there is an explicit time dimension to this. firms which have prior experience of abandonment have stronger positive effects of more recent abandoned innovation activities on innovation output. however, these effects are largely restricted to prior experience from � and implementation in � the early (conception) phases of the innovation process. while firms systematically develop abilities to prevent failure, there is little evidence of learning from failure in terms of innovation abandonment. 18. title: mapping firms� locations in technological space: a topological analysis of patent statistics authors: emerson g. escolar, yasuaki hiraoka, mitsuru igami, yasin ozcan abstract: where do firms innovate? mapping their locations and directions in technological space is challenging due to its high dimensionality. we propose a new method to characterize firms� inventive activities via topological data analysis (tda) that represents high-dimensional data in a shape graph. applying this method to 333 major firms� patents in 1976�2005 reveals hitherto undocumented industry dynamics: some firms remain undifferentiated; others develop unique portfolios. firms with unique trajectories, which we define and measure graph-theoretically as �flares� in the mapper graph, tend to perform better. this association is statistically and economically significant, and continues to hold after we control for portfolio size, firm survivorship, and industry classification. 19. title: laboratory safety and research productivity authors: alberto galasso, hong luo, brooklynn zhu abstract: are laboratory safety practices a tax on scientific productivity? we examine this question by exploiting the substantial increase in safety regulations at the university of california following the shocking death of a research assistant in 2008. difference-in-differences analyses show that relative to �dry labs� that use theoretical and computational methods, the publication rates of �wet labs� that conduct experiments using chemical and biological substances did not change significantly after the shock. at the same time, we find that wet labs that used dangerous compounds more frequently before the shock reduced their reliance on flammable materials and unfamiliar hazardous compounds afterward, even though their overall research agenda does not appear to be affected. our findings suggest that laboratory safety may shape the production of science, but they do not support the claim that safety practices impose a significant tax on research productivity. 20. title: does local knowledge spillover matter for firm productivity? the role of financial access and corporate governance authors: m. mostak ahamed, kul b. luintel, sushanta k. mallick abstract: global productivity growth has either stagnated or declined, despite continued technological innovations with the rise of knowledge-intensive intangibles that arise from the growth of knowledge stock (r&d activities). understanding the root causes of this paradox in the context of growing economies requires an investigation of whether local knowledge diffusion can explain firm-level productivity differences, including key constraining factors like sources of financing or corporate governance structure. using financial data of 7970 indian firms over a 20-year period and clustering firms across industries, we assess the impact of r&d stock that is external to the firm through estimating both within (intra) and between (inter) industry spillovers. we find that both r&d and non-r&d-performing firms benefit from �between industry� spillovers. we further show that firms with better access to finance achieve higher productivity, not only through their own r&d capital stock but also via both types of industry-level knowledge spillover. we allow for the two key sources of international spillovers namely import intensity and fdi. while import-intensive firms experience lower productivity, fdi mitigates this adverse productivity effect across knowledge-intensive exporting firms. the paper concludes that financially unconstrained firms and firms with greater corporate board connectedness derive positive industry-level spillover effects, reflecting intra- and inter-industry as domestic spillover or local value-chain effect in the literature on technological innovation. 21. title: teaching benefits of multi-helix university-industry research collaborations: towards a holistic framework authors: dhruba borah, silvia massini, khaleel malik abstract: despite universities' effort towards contributing to society and economy through multi-helix or multi-party university-industry research collaborations (uircs) involving industry, government and community organisations, the impact of such activities on teaching remains unclear. this paper aims to fill this research lacuna. using a multiple case study approach, the paper provides evidence from seven multi-helix uircs taking place in five indian universities. we first unveil the different roles played by individual actors from the collaborating partner organisations involved in the multi-helix uircs, specifically industry scientists (from the collaborating partner company), funding administrators (from the governmental funding body that sponsors the collaboration), community representatives (from the collaborating community organisation) and uirc-affiliated academics involved in the teaching activities of the collaborating university. then, we explain various individual-level and organisational-level conditions that enable and constrain these actors' involvement in teaching, and ultimately their efficacy. these findings help us develop a holistic framework for involving uirc actors in teaching at partner universities. 22. title: local peer communities and future academic success of ph.d. candidates authors: mignon wuestman, iris wanzenb�ck, koen frenken abstract: compared to senior scientists, early-career scientists have largely been neglected in the literature on academic success. this study aims to identify the effects of local peer communities of ph.d. candidates on their future careers. we argue that local communities of ph.d. candidates may offer both supportive and competitive environments depending on the nature of the relationships between its members. while ph.d. candidates generally learn from and support each other in their local peer communities, they may also compete for their mentor's attention and future academic positions. we analyse such complex peer effects for 90,264 ph.d. candidates in the field of mathematics in a genealogical way, by measuring a candidate's academic career success by the number of next-generation ph.d. candidates supervised later on. to capture both the supportive and competitive peer effects, we distinguish between local peers who share mentors (co-mentees) and other local peers. our result suggests that competition exists primarily among peers who share mentors, and only at the start of one's career. we also find supportive effects among peers who do not share mentors, particularly those from the same cohort. our results highlight the importance of universities supporting informal interactions among ph.d. candidates. 23. title: innovation and inter-city knowledge spillovers: social, geographical, and technological connectedness and psychological openness authors: martin obschonka, sam tavassoli, p. jason rentfrow, jeff potter, samuel d. gosling abstract: knowledge spillovers across economic agents are central to the process of technological innovation. yet, the mechanisms by which spillovers travel and manifest as innovation are poorly understood. to fill that gap, we study how knowledge spillovers emanating from other cities (knowledge pools) diffuse and get absorbed. we refine the notion of connectedness by comparing three mechanisms through which knowledge spillovers occur between cities (geographically, technologically, and socially via social media links). we also examine how local psychological openness facilitates this diffusion and absorption process. using 360 u.s. cities as our empirical context, we find geographically mediated and socially mediated (but not technologically mediated) knowledge spillovers to show positive relationships with the rate of patenting. moreover, results confirm a positive moderation effect of psychological openness on the relationship between socially mediated knowledge spillovers and the rate of patenting. by providing a more comprehensive test of knowledge spillover mechanisms, our study indicates that the often-quoted physical proximity to knowledge pools remains a robust driver. however, a city's virtual connection to knowledge pools (e.g., via social media links between people) also matter, particularly if that city is psychologically more open. this catalyst of local openness might occur because open populations better absorb inflowing knowledge and utilize it more effectively via key innovators. we discuss implications for research and policy with a particular focus on virtual human (vs. geographically bounded) connectedness and psychological openness as intertwined key areas of a new human geography of innovation. 24. title: technological profiles, upgrading and the dynamics of growth: country-level patterns and trajectories across distinct stages of development authors: esin yoruk, slavo radosevic, bruno fischer abstract: we investigate the dynamic and qualitative nature of technological change in 96 countries between 1980 and 2021 from a structuralist technology upgrading perspective. first, drawing from patent data, we map the dynamics of technological knowledge by exploring the growth rates and significance of technology clusters. second, we explore whether there is a relationship between specific technology clusters and economic growth. third, we examine whether countries at different levels of development share similar or heterogeneous technology upgrading profiles and how patterns of technology upgrading have changed over time. we use a long-term, technology-level, cross-country patent dataset, and to address the issues identified we apply two complementary analytical methods: generalized method of moments (gmm) panel data analysis and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fs/qca). we find a significant association between growth dynamics and country-level specific technology clusters that is driven by the ongoing ict-based technological revolution and enabling nanotechnology, biotechnology and automation tools. heterogenous trajectories in technological profiles allowed us to distinguish between more productive and less productive technology upgrading profiles at different income levels. our results suggest that innovation policy should go beyond mission oriented policies focused solely on newly emerging technologies. instead, it should develop policy mixes conceived as portfolios of missions focused on technology clusters with disparate objectives, requirements and institutional setups. 25. title: getting seen: results from an online experiment to draw more attention to replications authors: tom coup�, w. robert reed, christian zimmermann abstract: are users of bibliographic databases interested in learning about replications? can they be induced to learn? to answer these questions, we performed an experiment using an online research bibliography, research papers in economics (repec). repec is the main research bibliography for preprints and published papers in economics. using stratified randomization, we allocated 324 replications and their corresponding original papers to clusters. we then drew from these clusters to construct the treatment and control groups. we added brightly coloured tabs to the relevant webpages to alert visitors to the existence of a replication paper. we monitored traffic over three phases lasting several months: a) no treatment, b) treatment in one group, and c) 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