-k8凯发天生赢家
��ࡱ�>�� }����|�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������u �r��fbjbj�n�n2j��a��aw>
�������""������������8�le�6wl���������v�v�v�v�v�v�v$�x�x[<�v9�������v����4�v333�.�����v3��v333�����@�h^�������3}vw06w3�[�:�[33�6�[�sh��3������v�v-���6w�������������������������������������������������������������������������[���������"qs: urban studies
volume 61, issue 7, may 2024
1. title: 'beyond gdp' in cities: assessing alternative approaches to urban economic development.
authors: richard crisp, david waite, anne green, ceri hughes, ruth lupton, danny mackinnon, andy pike
abstract: crises spur reflection and re-evaluation of what matters and what is valued. the impacts of the 2008 global financial crisis, covid-19 pandemic and climate emergency are reigniting debates about the nature of economic development approaches and what they aim to achieve in urban settings. addressing a substantive gap in contemporary debates by helping to navigate a burgeoning and diverse field, this paper provides a critical and comparative assessment of five leading agendas that have been positioned as alternative and progressive policy responses to urban economic change: inclusive growth; the wellbeing economy; community wealth building; doughnut economics; and the foundational economy. taking an international perspective, the paper provides a comparative review of their stated visions, mechanisms for change, and the spatial scales through which they are led and implemented. our argument is that these alternative approaches to urban economic development are shaping creative, innovative and progressive responses to longstanding urban problems within policy and practice communities but require on-going scrutiny and evaluation to realise their potential to meaningfully achieve transformative change.
2. title: conceptualising 'street-level' urban design governance in scotland.
authors: robert richardson
abstract: this article develops 'street-level bureaucracy' theory to conceptualise how policy implementation within urban design governance is shared among actors whose role transcends sectoral responsibilities and motivations. it presents case study research with a scottish local authority which has made a strategic investment in a placemaking policy agenda, including the creation of an influential design review panel of volunteer experts which exemplifies the wider embrace of private capacity within public governance. the paper identifies the distinctive role of design review panel members in street-level implementation, and shows how their discretion is shaped simultaneously by public and private interests. it concludes that understanding and utilising these micro-level processes provides opportunities for conceptualising policy implementation within a neoliberalising urban governance context, and for addressing the implementation gap between the aims of public urban design policy and the realities of delivery.
3. title: the geography of urban innovation beyond patents only: new evidence on large and secondary cities in the united states.
authors: carolina castaldi
abstract: the geography of urban innovation in the united states has often been portrayed as dominated by a few large cities. however, emerging perspectives challenge this notion by highlighting the significance of secondary cities for innovation processes. unfortunately, prevailing narratives and empirical evidence focus on technological invention only, measured by patents. this study aims to reevaluate the geography of urban innovation by considering various phases of the innovation process and incorporating a broader range of innovation types. in addition to conventional patent metrics, this research suggests incorporating trademarks and design rights as complementary data. the findings reveal that large cities still exhibit prominence when examining absolute counts of innovation. instead, analysing intensities allows the identification of secondary cities that specialise in various innovation activities beyond technological invention only. overall, the findings provide compelling evidence that urban innovation in the united states is not limited to a few large cities nor is it solely driven by technological invention.
4. title: for whom do we densify? explaining income variation across densification projects in the region of utrecht, the netherlands.
authors: vera g�tze, josje anna bouwmeester, mathias jehling
abstract: while governments worldwide rely upon compact city policies to reduce land consumption from urban growth, recent studies have addressed the potential trade-off between densification and housing affordability. concerns have been voiced that densification leads to a one-sided housing supply, structurally excluding low-income households. however, few studies address household income variation across densification projects, leaving us with a limited understanding of the circumstances under which exclusion occurs. to this end, we explore household incomes in densification projects between 2012 and 2020 in the province of utrecht, the netherlands, where urban development is traditionally strongly regulated through active land policy. at the same time, current shifts towards a more deregulated housing market make for an interesting case. exceptional access to detailed cadastral and census data allows us to identify densification projects and assign them a median household income each. we investigate the influence of location and transformation process on household incomes through regression analysis and conduct qualitative case studies of projects whose median income was highly mispredicted by the regression model. this allows us to integrate non-quantified factors, such as land ownership and public policy interventions, in explaining such interesting cases. for the province of utrecht, our study confirms that while households in densification projects earn significantly more than their neighbours, the range of incomes in densification projects is large. project characteristics such as centrality, neighbourhood status and transformation process explain only a small share of this variance. for cases where median incomes are much lower than predicted by the model, public land ownership, in combination with inclusionary zoning, is essential in ensuring housing affordability. our approach highlights the necessity of supplementing densification policies with measures that secure affordable housing.
5. title: reclaiming data for improved city governance: barcelona's new data deal.
authors: fernando fernandez-monge, sarah barns, rainer kattel, francesca bria
abstract: cities today are key sites for the operation of global digital marketplaces. it is on the curbsides and at the intersections of cities where technology companies and digital platforms gain access to valuable urban data to be used in the delivery of data-driven services. in this context, urban data ownership and control have become a central policy arena for smart city governance. this article argues that, given the increased policy activism by city governments, there is an urgent need to better understand the key goals and instruments deployed by cities to resist corporate control of urban data. it first reviews the treatment of the topic by different strands in the literature on smart city governance and then uses the 'new data deal' programme launched by the city of barcelona to draw empirical data from one of the author's involvement leading the programme, interviews with actors involved in the programme as well as from key policy and evaluation documents. by studying the design and implementation of barcelona's 'new data deal', an early mover and leading reference in the academic and policy debates, the article presents the key successes, limitations and tensions faced by a city government trying to regain access and control over urban data, including a reflection on the role that city governments can play in shaping a global agenda around improved data governance.
6. title: assembling high-rise: the uneven agencies of air in suburban densification in the anthropocene.
authors: nicole t cook, sophie-may kerr
abstract: the covid-19 pandemic brought to the surface the critical qualities of air � airflow, ventilation, particulates etc. � in relation to the well-being of people living in high-rise. engineering and architectural research has burgeoned in response. however, in focusing on models of airflow, ventilation and particulates as discrete variables, engineering and architectural discourse fails to capture the diverse ways that air enters into and shapes the everyday lived experience of high-rise dwelling. drawing on research in sydney's southwestern suburbs, we reveal high-rise as an assemblage that links apartment dwelling with air, via car-dependent suburbanisation, pollution and climate-change induced temperature extremes in the anthropocene. in addition to viruses, air teems with carbon, insects, noise and pollutants, while viscerally mediating human encounters with fluctuating temperatures. multiple relations between people, buildings and air unfold simultaneously, confounding attempts to account for air's elemental milieu through single variables like greenhouse gas or covid-19. while embedded in relations of power, high-rise assemblages unleash vernacular adaptation that through low-tech and low-cost technologies work to connect suburban high-rise with evolving ecological systems. recognising the pharmacological quality of air, as both 'poison' and 'cure', we contrast models of high-rise as encapsulated environments with resident (and other) experiments that orient high-rise to the elements, and the interlinked challenges of urban living in the anthropocene.
7. title: cities for citizens! public value spheres for understanding conflicts in urban planning.
authors: rico h herzog, juliana e gon�alves, geertje slingerland, reinout kleinhans, holger prang, frances brazier, trivik verma
abstract: identifying the diverse and often competing values of citizens, and resolving the consequent public value conflicts, are of significant importance for inclusive and integrated urban development. scholars have highlighted that relational, value-laden urban space gives rise to many diverse conflicts that vary both spatially and temporally. although notions of public value conflicts have been conceived in theory, there are few empirical studies that identify such values and their conflicts in urban space. building on public value theory and using a case-study mixed-methods approach, this paper proposes a new approach to empirically investigate public value conflicts in urban space. using unstructured participatory data of 4528 citizen contributions from a public participation geographic information systems in hamburg, germany, natural language processing and spatial clustering techniques are used to identify areas of potential value conflicts. four expert interviews assess and interpret these quantitative findings. by integrating quantitative assessments with the qualitative findings of the interviews, we identify 19 general public values and nine archetypical conflicts. on the basis of these results, this paper proposes a new conceptual model of 'public value spheres' that extends the understanding of public value conflicts and helps to further account for the value-laden nature of urban space.
8. title: how land use patterns keep driving cheap: geographic support for transportation taxes.
authors: adam millard-ball, purva kapshikar
abstract: economists tend to favour price-based approaches, such as gasoline and carbon taxes, to address the negative impacts of car travel, while urban planners tend to emphasise land use planning such as compact development. in this paper, we argue that the two approaches are synergistic. we use precinct-level data from two california referenda to show that land use planning makes pricing more feasible: voters in dense, transit-oriented neighbourhoods are more willing to support a carbon price and increased gasoline taxes. political ideology is a more important determinant of voting patterns, but in a closely divided election, land use patterns, public transportation, and other aspects of the built environment can determine the success of a referendum on driving taxes. our results also imply that the voluminous research on land use and transportation underestimates the long-run impacts of compact development on driving, through ignoring the ways in which urban form shapes the politics of taxation.
9. title: new metro and housing price and rent premiums: a natural experiment in china.
authors: dongsheng he, guibo sun, ling li, chris webster
abstract: causal evidence of housing premiums of new metro lines is indispensable for financing and governing infrastructure investments. previous studies have investigated the housing effects of urban rail transit with varying methods, while causality remains unsettled. this study used a natural experiment to estimate the causal effects of the new metro interventions on housing premiums in shenzhen, china. we used metro planning knowledge, reasoning on pursuits in land finance and engineering efficiency to verify the as-if randomness of the treatment�control group assignment in the natural experiment to reinforce the power of causal inference. we applied hedonic difference-in-difference (did) models to estimate the average treatment effects based on the longitudinal housing price and rent data. we found that housing rents increased significantly and consistently after the metro entered operation, but the price premium varied. in addition, the rent premiums around new metro lines showed a price gradient over the distance to stations. our findings provide scientific evidence for designing value capture mechanisms (e.g. value-added property tax and rent revenue) to recover metro investment costs in china.
10. title: housing the homeless: shifting sites of managing the poor in the netherlands.
authors: nienke fredrika boesveldt, dolly loomans
abstract: contemporary approaches to counter homelessness push for a housing-led model that is seen as more progressive and less punitive than traditional approaches. few studies have however investigated its translation on the ground. in this paper we aim to do so by studying the implementation of a housing-led approach in the netherlands; in a context of housing shortages and health care austerity. by building on qualitative interviews with people (previously) experiencing homelessness and professional stakeholders, we argue that while a regular home is a much-needed improvement to emergency shelters and institutions, housing contracts are often conditional and used as disciplinary instruments restricting what people are allowed to do in their own home. care and screening services are increasingly executed by housing associations and the local police, further entwining housing, care and punishment. intersecting with local housing shortages and insufficient health care this becomes a barrier to a more effective and humane approach to homelessness. these findings contribute to theories on urban governance by showing how the management of the poor is extended to the private domain.
�nn/ffnċ�
11. title: les sauvages de la civilisation: regards sur la zone, d hier � aujourd hui and the people s hotel: working for justice in argentina
authors: vincenzo maria di mino
abstract: the article reviews the book �the people's hotel: working for justice in argentina� by katherine sobering.
12. title: urban revolutions: urbanisation and (neo-)colonialism in transatlantic context
authors: laam hae
abstract: the article reviews the book �urban revolutions: urbanisation and (neo-)colonialism in transatlantic context� by stefan kipfer.
13. title: urban violence: security, imaginary, atmosphere
authors: julian molina
abstract: the article reviews the book �urban violence: security, imaginary, atmosphere� by andrea pavoni and simone tulumello.
14. title: the urban rehabilitation of post-disaster scapes
authors: muhammad rizal pahleviannur
abstract: the article reviews the book �the urban rehabilitation of post-disaster scapes� by
"%&(* ,.7�����ʸʸʸ���tl_qc6qhj�5�ojqj^jo(h0`�h0`�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h!@�5�cjojqj^jajh
2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h0`�h
2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h0`�h0`�5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h0`�h0`�5�cjojqj^jaj ,-���
�
*01��bc���k � ����������������������gd�psgd)w�gdb1agd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4�������
�
�
�
�
�
�
)*34���˽�����|�n^|�p^|bhih�l$ojqj^jo(h�(h�(5�ojqj^jhvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(h�h�5�ojqj^jh�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(hj�5�ojqjo(hiht4ojqj^jo(h0`�h0`�ojqj^jhihj�ojqj^jo(h�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jht45�ojqj^jo(hqhhqh5�ojqj^jhicy5�ojqj^j4/01234:;��������abcdfl���Ϳ��͜���~��p�c�vh:h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jh�"�h%j,5�ojqj^jhs/�5�ojqj^jo(hihanojqj^jh�)hto�ojqj^jo(h�(h�(5�ojqj^jhvi�hto�5�ojqj^jo(h�h�5�ojqj^jhto�hto�5�ojqj^jhto�hto�h�"�h�`�5�ojqj^jhto�5�ojqj^jo(h%j,5�ojqjo(hihu<�ojqj^jo(h�h�ojqj^jlm��������� j k s t � ������ǫ���ugyuk=yu�hvi�h�ps5�ojqj^jhs(.hs(.5�ojqj^jh�psh�ps5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�ps5�ojqj^jo(hb1ah)w�5�ojqjo(hb1ah%j,ojqj^jo(hb1ahb1aojqj^jh�)h$?�ojqj^jo(h�(h�(5�ojqj^jh$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jhvi�h$?�5�ojqj^jo(hb1ahb1a5�ojqj^jh$?�5�ojqj^jo(� � � � &&&&&&&}&~&�&�&�&�&�&�&�,�,�,�,�,���ǹ�����tf�xj���ǹ�=�h|�5�ojqj^jo(h�(h�(5�ojqj^jhvi�hvi�5�ojqj^jhvi�hr7a5�ojqj^jhs(.hs(.5�ojqj^jhr7ahr7a5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr7a5�ojqj^jo(hs(.h)w�5�ojqjo(hs(.h)w�ojqj^jo(hs(.hs(.ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(� &&~&�&�,�,a-�-t3u3�3�3�7�738l83=4=�=�=�b�b�b�b������������������������gd[gd�_gdlz�gdv�gd�)ggd|�gdr7agd)w�gds(.�,�,�,@-a-j-�-�-�-�-s3t3u3v3x3^3_3�3�3������sh[m?[�1hvi�h�)g5�ojqj^jh�)gh�)g5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�)g5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(hv�hv�ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h7`=h7`=5�ojqj^jhvi�h|�5�ojqj^jhv�hv�5�ojqj^jh|�5�ojqj^jo(h|�h|�5�ojqj^j�3�3�3�3�3�3�3�7�7�7�7�7�7�72838<8k8l8���ƹ����tfxk=/x��hvi�hlz�5�ojqj^jh
--h
--5�ojqj^jhlz�5�ojqj^jo(hlz�hlz�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr5�ojqj^jo(hv�h)w�5�ojqjo(hv�h)w�ojqj^jo(hv�hv�ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�i�h�i�5�ojqj^jh�)g5�ojqj^jo(h�)gh�)g5�ojqj^jl8u8v82=3=4=6=8=>=?=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�b�b���ƚ����yk�]m��@6h)w�ojqj^jhamchamcojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�\�h�\�5�ojqj^jhvi�h�_5�ojqj^jhamchamc5�ojqj^jh�_5�ojqj^jo(h�_h�_5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(h
--h
--ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^j�b�b�b�b�b�b�b�bccdddd&d'd0d1d�d�d�d�d�����õ�ù��}�m_qd:d:h�ojqj^jh�h�ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h[h[5�ojqj^jh�h�s�5�ojqj^jh�h�5�ojqj^jh�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h��5�ojqjo(h[5�ojqjo(h}onh�ojqj^jo(�bd'd�d�d�d e�e�e�e�effgf�f�fdfhfjfnfpftfvfzf|f~f�f�������������������������gd�gdmw�gd5c�gd)w�gd�s�gd��d�d�d�d�d�d�d�d�d�dee eee1ee�e�e�e�e���˽ٯ�����ugzmzcmch5c�ojqj^jh5c�h5c�ojqj^jh�h�ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�9�h[5�ojqj^jh[h�s�5�ojqj^jh�h�5�ojqj^jh�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ef=fafbfdfefff���ⱥ֬�����rexenxn@h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h5c�ojqj^jh5c�h5c�ojqj^jh�h�ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�h�s�5�ojqj^jh�h�5�ojqj^jh�s�h�s�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�s�5�ojqj^jo(h5c�h�~�5�ojqjo(h5c�h)w�ojqj^jo(ffgfhfifkfqfrf�f�f�f�f�f�f�f�f g$ghf`fbf���Ϳ������xj]p]fdpfuh5c�ojqj^jh5c�h5c�ojqj^jh�h�ojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h[hmw�5�ojqj^jh�h�5�ojqj^jhmw�5�ojqj^jo(hmw�hmw�5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�s�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(nerma omievi and bojana bojani obad `itaroci.
bfdfffjflfpfrfvfxf~f�f����������h�
�jh�
�uh�s�hj<ojqj^jo(
01�82p��. ��a!�"�#��$��%��s����s2���� 0@p`p������2(�� 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p��8x�v~�������� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@pj_hmh nhsh thj`��jck�e$1$a$ cjkh_hajmh nhsh th$a ���$؞���k=�w[sobi���bnf�h�&��ŝ�]�6��ҩ��n=���in����a7���qb&>!"�h
[�� �lx�z)��w�v�og�%�ţ|8mă#�/��8��'��=���q�u*��c�`c�w{�d6��/�[��yl���%�� ��n� {�\�o�sm�/�~��i�bcax���/=xe��'5��&\�h�4da���,ye\}�)�l�a�����r�^��*�z���y�v-wowz�n�]��:m�v�=t�c���w��r�b���*i�v�u�r��u����|�nc`�|����*^����pk!
ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.rels��m
�0���wooӻ�&݈э���5
6?$q��
�,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@rn��;d�`��o7�g�k(m&$r(.1�r'j��њt���8��v�"��aȼ�h�u}��|�$�b{��p����8�g/]�qasم(����#��l�[������pk-!����[content_types].xmlpk-!�֧��60_rels/.relspk-!ky���theme/theme/thememanager.xmlpk-!���f���theme/theme/theme1.xmlpk-!
ѐ��'� theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.relspk]�
e>j���� �4l� �,�3l8�b�d�effbf�f$&'() ,-.0124� �b�f%*/�@� @���������h ��0�( �
����0�( �
��b
�s���� ?���y���o|y� ' _ n � � �
�
�
�
;e���������cpgl���� 2;9!h!�#�#c%l%n%u%v%�%�%�%�%�%�%�%�%�%� � � � � ,�,�,�-�-<0e0j0o0�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5p:u:�:�:�:�:�:�:�:�:�;�;<<<<d<p<�<�<i=o=[=d=�=�=�=�=> >%>*> >3>8>>>?>f>g>k>l>u>w>y>z>\>]>_>`>b>f>w>f>w>y>z>\>]>_>`>b>f>������)�
�
���kkt�~~��a%a%j%�%� � � � 3030<0k0�5�5�5�5�= >$>v>f>#�q04e��n[g],-�o�����`<|��o";0ri1�%�rrsui��w�i��p�h#b�={u�,��=8�da� uz*�m� �r=��-9h�s��eme�.~��
{r�v�4�1l2q �"�iaha�t d�og>�u��`�1_%v��nh{��q��u�3��d]-�z:kkkkn;�q0�<�?*��.��\>�7��:a��^b� �l{��2hx��\>��(�#!�q��m4-cqrrs�4>�p]�sao-�?��yn�b~i�(��)ib��>!]�.�`
rv:g&>!��;{�}n!�l��2�"�0r��\�|�md-%;�blrbr]�a
6ji� ��vj�`�[jo 5j90�ry �:[�
k 3q-r�jx 8i� tp� k�|��r
8m
2~�
��y��k�
?i��� *�?=��#?�2?*�@�4le�dw"
���z�g�kd�2�^e�-h�x�w��t�bs &�x�-z�y��w�i�>�:-��e
�<; ��u
kkkkdw"
q�x�-h�
k^r�
�^�vxb�
�=#�/y�pur ����
�po��sdx��$=n�5��'ff�x�z-z�d�y�(��)fk{z��z8�sdx��fv��-�p�'�e��4�!~q�2h`�?i��be��@��fk-<"��l�q�u��y/�x{��]^�~76=&����`
[� ��rh&<�^��oc!��d{�/�"��)@��z��a�h#b��[��h�2�**}�sdx��d���t��w�8i� (f�tl(����}�t�a9�~�8��7l��4�";�g)n��p7v}g�xd|��&�h�w�a�g�b�u�d\*�)#jb�l�d�
)r�}��>��w�gl$l�r�am�p��r�qh� v���/
zn�@�k�xcz.�^m~;�|p%�fzps7l�ps�#���<>)��s��vj��h5h 5� a�l[�x� xcz�be�yfdxl�y��raj>�n�cr%v���jxam�p�h�a9�� !`��l�sdx��}<�q�}q =�7y]��r�-��.��zf�7��
�e�o[kh,~�hmpm~�mg�=�j��>m�?[%��'w�jo8�l�y2\gqwez ��p]74��g�h#b�`a��m�!�|z��z:�*��b!�g;cq�qq�h�nk^r a�x�t
an�gap�y8��x���s��d���z��j�vzq��t\
~��av'po�h#b_m4�i�w��tkpb�`
rq1��yn�pur �p}��_� <^�1��� urep�&>!�z[fxx)!�b!x{�ec!�t�k��oc!�v�>b(p!� ]!�3�l��!nr�q>7�!am�p��m�!�j#�g-�!�f�d�[z"�u&z�6'�"�zy�q �"ji�_��m�"� ]!�&�"�)��/�"|z�s\�"=v�g��~#�)9~��k#�� �i3#�#?�=#�i\;�j#p%�sh�#���2k�#�|�#ry �ps�#pb��$�#�>��9�#�sa�d $��yj!4$�`�%�qg$�ep$�"e<@v�$:*�$�[��p�$�]'��?[>�?z]%�`�%vd�i1�%�lyk-,�%�,�=��l�%�z�@�x�%�!0��e&poq�bs &�b*&t�(6=&�'w�rh&2\�qp&nyvc��t�&��&�&�;{��]'�ep$��pu'tw�'~d:(�r�'�kl��>�'��5�l�'�taz��w(r�@�~d:(�_(it~tl(�x�,�dm�(�t�(�pi�(��]�a#�(�j�`�<>)^e��w)!,�f���)�l�%��)mq{�"*�^�i��le*^l�x�ne*n9��^�*�:8t��_�*w;�~�<; �[? �n �2�v ��o�(s� qh� �`� q�f�� {p���k� �sdx��c,@�i��#,�dq[mk, @p�qb,�d&d��,�>m��x�,�{u�,�@�q>,-�m4-rt�h�fk-�r�-�j�n�2@�-�ggc���-x*�y���->o.-dt��t�.��z]�.�x��<}7/d|���y/ds}���/: o=tj�/0�u0{z�o�!0�ran 0gy|�5j90�$�}��zk0�*c2wf0�;{�;1�0��e�f1h#b�<^�1fw2
�z��>2"o�*c2�m�29!"e�w�2�f\�h�2n�~�u3�;{��j�3�r
�w�3ui�� �3dj�u�3��x@�4�;�4�d5��p�4@l�5h 5�^b^�
-a5�pv5�d5tw�'��59y�5=n�5��5md-�b�5i�d��v�5
-a5\_6wc�:��a
6�`d�#6ghch�81�6�&7i>�6�;{���6�a�r!�6q1���@�6xx�6)1:t�&7�x�\h 7�~74\�7bd9t=r�7��gr
f8c�]��jo8�~�8���8��b�n9?oi�n/9z4u�q�9� �9��a:�kx_�s�:kkkkwc�:�3�:�!�q�o";�4mjjo;�i\;�%�|c;�q��viu;�ru�;�~7�%�;�da�p�;a�o[u�u�`fr>�>�'�\>�'y>=n�5�i�>r]��v�>lrb�d�>�da��mt?<#iq��?<^�1�!{�?p[5=�tf�?�t�&�?�*��o-�?�mt?�s�?
u|3e�?�-x{�8�?�@}��*.}@��)��-�@�t�`�r�@g��z�@z]%hag;��:a�s6ay8���doahu�(�a�le*�&e�ana��.�an���a�$,&d]�l�d|1�q�i�dbl#g|0e�>e�\�� \e�z���ez�v�n�e�v ��'�e�#�c�hfs�]�=bdf�^^n��z[f�y���f�"�o�gbgt d w~g� l`�#�g�{9=��g=v�g�o�t�{s
h�-h�pv5p@h�og�ghch'\l��&�h�t�e�hoaq�!~q��y#%�q@gku�q7�q�da�nr�q�q��qqg$�r)b;r�,�q��0hr�l��zwr�
{r;1�0��y{r�i�r�� �(u�r�$atxcs�#sw/�=fzps8ts)b;r��ts�#�g3%�s�{�s�;�4��g/t�4>�:8t�gn�bd9t]z[t� �m��td $�`�t�s�z4u�,!u�rdi��hhuwc�:�@gku�u0
g�u���uxcs>�uc;�r�:�u�sdx��3vwc�:�!kv�@�k�xyyv�d�^�v4�o�v�j$w�w�w�6�x�m�2:3�x�q�y���x�3�:��o�x�#s^l�x\<�jg�xq>,- q�x�}<��x_/,j�zy��t��`-y<myv��q�yv^mc���y<z�&x'jz�@�k�fk{z�kd�l�z�<; �
�zhp��[�enx�:[�=�^�`
[�0�[(>y��f\c{#\�@�k��?\i�(��\�m��x�\~�f<1/�\�s��f]am�p��7y]�>aqs�]���c�]hv�i���]viu;�]^ph$^�^b^�`.�^�=�^�1_�kx_�a9�ji�_l{�� !`�qb,�� l`�y`� ��t�`�=�}�j�`�qq��u�`�>�`_m�t
a��&na[mk,��da9a��q���a��5��>�asq�y�3j�a�zwr�a�t�3b@�z��)ib�u~b1�h��u�b�~#�%;�b@v�$03cd.�b�ggcg-�!�va�c�^����c(�a�u�c�0hr��#�c�j$wvd0q|#`d�;{�_{d�pu'�`d�d&d�@�m�f�d,-�zn�d�|�#�9!"e2k�#�g e�/e� *^ee����l\e�>e��eme�hgqwe�u
�t�edu�efd�;�ewc�:��&fji�,\f<}7/��zfs{tq�f3%�s!,�fqx{~�fxx�6�a�f6�f<z�bl#g�^blkqg�j9r��g8|k=�z�g�-9h�ktd�h8m
?oi�u�<mebi�rdi�b*&��b~i�y{r��i4�i�`-y�^�ix�u�nf�i�~7djtj�/v,�j�8�?w�j�`�t�=�j�4�q\<�j�dk�g�tkzl!{�?�klv:g�k)|l�;{��3�l<|�<ie�lj l�p
mh#b��^(m��k��.�mz*�ma�� �m�hn�y`�gn��!�g)nfr>��^^nv��,mn�kj>�nh#�n�gdwov'po�
���"�o�"�o6gp�e�oh�a�o�.�o�r��v�omg���o]z[thptf�?(ap(s� @p�[? bep=r�7�c�p�qp&��dq�vzq� �<#iq�!�q� ���qq =��,�q�w�#!�q{s
h�4�q�a�f�l�q|1�q6s�~r�q3q-rie�l��j9r �3�c;�rn[g� �r�-�@��ss�@�k�y0�sb(p!��s{fm-dt�y�)1:to
�v�$at�6�x� 0w?0w?0w?0w?�.�t�/e��t(ap�}�t�o�t�u2�&xph$^�j?x�;{��0rxwc�:��sdx�enx[�x,mnf�x&xn
�x�0�<�=.y6�f�� oyrgox*�y�x�u��yd]-sq�y7���yxl�y�t�.��y];yw��y�w��u&z�*n{��tazr=��whkzjx �.tzji��z@�z�.�o���z�`�o��%�z�q�wv{�nh{$,&d�*n{�s�?mq{
hr{��6�jbs{�-x{qx{�@�6m�{�d��0q|�~�vgy|��s�
u|�[|�w)�\�| w~g;�|�g ek�|�.�t�y>�|b�5�ds}xyyv�p}�r>�$�}dm�(�m�}j<�v��=�}jbs{�q�}\
~�=�h,~03c��)9~whkzit~�;�~j{�~0�n�n�~l�w;�~&xs�@�k�s{t�<(>y\*�4e�z �j�{p�4\�7��(k�i����x��m�j�����[w�3`2 r�s�_� �p
j^�(�n��_ati�wb���.h j<sh�to>s�r#�l$�}&�m'�m(�)�g)%j,
--s(.�p.�i/�2�z2'4t4.6�6�
7*8;i8cj8�9@/9�i;7`=�e=k&>e!@jj@r7ap,b�ecamc�nd�udvf�g0i4tj�kul%man�%smkxgy�py]�]�^ro_b1a5a�7ahc
2e�lf�qf�)gqhjmi�ckalthllmnnm}on[r�ps0@ui1v�ovywicy�x}�/�wt�w�%y�mw��=��=��`�j�nj�t8��9�l�.~�v�v�y��c�=h��j��~�du�� �=i�bp�fj�to�4��m��2�)w����l�lz���c�7�u<�[��t��r������)���cb��^�v��\�� �a�vi�|w�r����\���$?��n���
�c��!�s/����8�*��-��_��s�$-��f��i�><����r��
��c�7"����s�?5����"�gl�bj�h��-��� �
��"�l%�w�5c�p�� �!@�0`�2����y����e�`-�|�w>y>�@�v>v>v>v>4:;%>e>�@�b��@�f��unknown������������g��.�[x� �times new roman5��symbol3.��.�[x� �arial7.���[ @�verdana;���(�[sosimsuna����$b�cambria math 1��h;"�f� �g��m
5qm
5q!-!),.:;?]}���� & 6"0000 00
00000��� ������=�@�\�]�^���([{� 0
000000��;�[����������8>8> 2�q��hp��?�����������������������"�2!xx�j�zr���userlib-x��
�����oh�� '��0t������� ��
(4<dl�usernormallib-x246microsoft office word@�_�b@�y��\�@x�f��m
5��
��՜.�� ,��0�
x`t|�������microsoftq8>
!"#$%&'()* ,-./012345����789:;<=����?@abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz[\]^_`abcdefghijk����mnopqrs����uvwxyz{��������~��������root entry�������� �f0cr^����data
������������61table����>�[worddocument����2jsummaryinformation(������������ldocumentsummaryinformation8��������tcompobj������������n��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
���� �fmicrosoft word 97-2003 �ĵ�
msworddocword.document.8�9�q