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��ࡱ�>�� r�#�bjbj�.�.2��d�g�d�g�} ��66��8��$�q�� \p^p^p^p^p^p^p$�r��uf�p9� �p��4�p�� j��\p� \p��t(�hp�p0q��u�f�u��0�u�md � �p�p� q ��u 6b�: world development volume 179, issue 7, july 2024 1. title: does representation affect trust in political institutions?: evidence from redistricting in india authors: rolly kukreja abstract: trust in political institutions is considered to be distinctly crucial for maintaining the stability and legitimacy of such institutions. in this paper, i document an important channel through which characteristics of political institutions could affect political trust by studying the impact of a change in representation on political trust. i use the delimitation exercise of 2008 as a source of change in representation of districts within state legislatures in india and respondents� self-reported confidence in politicians and state government from two rounds of the ihds (india human development survey) as measures of political trust. implementing a difference-in-differences strategy with a household panel, the estimates show that households living in districts that gained representatives in the state legislative assembly show an improvement in reported confidence in both politicians and the state government. there is no evidence of a symmetric negative effect for households living in districts that lose seats. further, this improvement in confidence is accompanied by an improvement in economic performance as proxied by night time luminosity and is associated with an increase in voter turnout as well as a decrease in age and corruption of electoral candidates in gaining districts. 2. title: income inequality effect of public utility infrastructure: evidence from rural china authors: guanghua wan, chen wang, xun zhang, congming zuo abstract: the income inequality effect of infrastructure investment is under-researched despite the fact that the world has been confronted with the formidable challenge of worsening income distribution. this paper addresses this gap by: (i) highlighting deficiencies in conventional inequality modeling, (ii) proposing an empirical framework that entails estimation of both income growth and income inequality effect of infrastructure using one model, and (iii) applying this model to individual-level data from rural china to estimate income growth and income inequality effect of specific public utility infrastructures. our findings reveal that the usage of telephone and tap water infrastructure fosters rural income growth, particularly benefiting lower-income individuals, indicating benign income inequality effect. these effects are particularly notable in inland china. an investigation into underlying mechanisms shows that public utility infrastructures help improve educational attainment and health status in lower-income rural households, stimulating growth in income and reducing income inequality. these findings imply that development of public utility infrastructure can serve as a powerful policy instrument for government interventions to reduce income inequality and promote growth, especially in developing countries. 3. title: targeted sanctions, resource substitution, and violence against civilians: localized evidence from african states authors: jerry urtuzuastigui, ore koren abstract: since the 1990 s, the un security council increased its use of targeted sanctions, yet we know very little about their unintended impact on civilian victimization, especially at the local level. this study argues that imposing sanctions on armed actors may compel them to seize non-sanctioned agricultural resources to replenish lost revenues and use violence to facilitate appropriation. a new dataset on sanctioned group violence in agricultural areas is developed by matching un sanctions data with information on local attacks on civilians from the ucdp ged and combining these data with a new geographic dataset. quantitative analyses establish that monthly changes in cash crop productivity affect political violence by sanctioned actors in africa, while violence by unsanctioned and pre-sanctioned actors is unaffected. a short case study of somalia validates the hypothesized mechanism by showing that al-shabaab actively engaged in violence over such substitution dynamics. 4. title: distributional impacts of cash transfers on the multidimensional poverty of refugees: the emergency social safety net in turkey authors: matthew robson, frank vollmer, basak ber�in doan, nils grede abstract: most impact evaluations of humanitarian cash transfer programmes use traditional metrics of poverty and study average effects of outcomes separately. we analyse the impact of the emergency social safety net (essn) cash programme on the multidimensional poverty of refugees in turkey, using a purpose-built refugee multidimensional poverty index. we conduct a causal analysis of both average and distributional impacts of the essn on the incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty, and decompose effects for separate dimensions and indicators of poverty. results show that the essn significantly reduced the incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty amongst its beneficiaries. significant reductions are found in the dimensions of food security, living standards, health and education. this supports emerging claims that these types of programmes, still relatively new in humanitarian contexts, can improve multiple outcomes simultaneously. reductions in the deprivation scores of the more deprived households stand out as a finding that outcome specific evaluations and multidimensional impact evaluations focusing on estimating average treatment effects would have missed, demonstrating the added value of the distributional analyses used. by learning from the largest humanitarian cash programme in the world, results provide important lessons for cash programmes on multidimensional poverty of refugees elsewhere. 5. title: does transparency pay? natural resources, financial development and the extractive industries transparency initiative (eiti) authors: harouna kinda, edouard mien abstract: natural resources are known to hinder financial development in countries with weak institutions. we hypothesize that the extractive industries transparency initiative, an international norm aimed at promoting transparency in natural resource management, can mitigate this effect. using fixed effects and entropy balancing methods, we provide empirical support for this hypothesis in a panel of 71 resource-rich countries between 1995 and 2019. our results are robust to the use of alternative specifications and alternative measures of financial development. finally, we provide a discussion of the transmission channels through which the financial resource curse may occur. 6. title: the impact of large-scale land acquisitions on child food insecurity in africa authors: antoine castet abstract: food insecurity is a major concern in most african countries. large-scale land acquisitions (lslas) frequently have a negative impact on local communities. in this paper, i examine the impact of lslas on the nutritional status of neighboring children. to this end, i use a difference-in-differences methodology applied to lslas in a large number of african countries at different times since the early 2000s. i analyze data from demographic and health surveys combined with data from the land matrix initiative, supplemented by my own research, ultimately covering 18,276 children living in the vicinity of 45 lslas. i show that lslas have had a significant negative impact on child nutrition in africa over the past two decades. specifically, the dietary diversity scores of children living close to lslas were reduced by 20 per cent after acquisition. the results are robust to various statistical tests. i find no changes in work status or household assets. while the impact of lslas may be positive for agricultural practices, it is negative for child food security. the analysis highlights the importance of supporting local communities following foreign agricultural investment. 7. title: social embeddedness, power balance, and local governance in china authors: meina cai, qi zhang, xiaolu zhao abstract: why are informal institutions beneficial to local governance in some context but harmful in others? this research argues that local governance outcomes are jointly determined by social embeddedness � the extent to which local community leaders connect with their community members through informal ties, and power balance � the extent to which political power is balanced among local ruling elites to prevent it being captured by informal groups. we test our theory by investigating how informal lineage groups interact with formal political power to influence village governance in china. using a four-round survey (2005�2016) in rural china, we find that village political leaders whose power is oligopolistically shared by two large clans distributed higher land-taking compensation to land-dispossessed households, while village leaders whose power is monopolized by one large clan paid less. this is because socially embedded village officials from the monopolized ruling clan are better able to fragment collective resistance, buy off aggrieved villagers, and collude with the state. the research reconciles the positive and negative perspectives of the role of informal institutions in local governance and highlights the effect of social embeddedness on local governance is conditional on the balance of power among local ruling elites. 8. title: remedial, institutional or radical? explaining community responses to violence against women in an ngo programme to prevent violence in mumbai, india authors: lu gram, sukanya paradkar, chatush singh, anand suryavanshi, ... nayreen daruwalla abstract: despite ambitions in development and global health policy to transform communities into supportive environments for women facing risks of violence, our understanding of how to best engage communities remains incomplete. in particular, there is little evidence on the types of strategies that communities employ to address violence against women (vaw). we aimed to describe and analyse the processes involved in community responses to incidents of vaw in a non-governmental organisation (ngo) violence prevention programme in mumbai, india. we conducted a grounded theory study involving 30 focus group discussions and 36 semi-structured interviews with 113 community members and 9 ngo staff, as well as over 170 h of field observation. informed by comparative case study methods, we compared community actions across six informal settlement neighbourhoods. we found considerable variation in the type of action taken across neighbourhoods. this variation was not arbitrary, but reflected systematic cost-benefit considerations in heterogeneous environments, accounting for factors such as trust in neighbours, violent (armed or gang-related) crime, and corruption in state institutions. we found that institutional action was only favoured in neighbourhoods with strong state capacity and high social capital, whilst remedial action�resolving violence through �private� talks in the family and community�and radical action involving extra-judicial violence�became favourable under conditions of weak social capital or low state capacity. institutional action was, however, sometimes as violent as radical action, as police were reported, sometimes even relied upon, by residents to use force against perpetrators of vaw. we argue that these contextual features oblige policymakers and prevention researchers to grapple with contentious issues such as the legitimate use of force by the state. we caution against maximising community action without a clear vision of the type of action hoped for. 9. title: trust funds and the sub-national effectiveness of development aid: evidence from the world bank authors: mirko heinzel, bernhard reinsberg abstract: existing studies imply that multilateral development assistance is more effective than bilateral assistance. however, multilateral assistance is increasingly constrained through earmarked funding where donors restrict the use of their funds. such funding shifts decision-making power away from multilateral donors and increases transaction costs through more stringent monitoring requirements. we argue that the consequences of these constraints are negative for aid effectiveness. we test this argument by studying the effectiveness of the world bank in increasing economic growth. our research design combines novel data on the funding composition of growth-focused development projects between 1995 and 2014 with georeferenced data on their sub-national locations within 50x50km grid cells. using difference-in-differences estimation, we assess whether local economic development, measured through the gross cell product, increases in areas where core- and trust-funded projects were located in the previous year. we find that while growth-focused projects are generally effective, core-funded projects have a substantially greater impact than trust-funded projects. these findings imply that donors should consider allocating a greater share of their multilateral development assistance as unearmarked contributions if they want to safeguard the development impact of this assistance. 10. title: caste differences in child growth: disentangling endowment and investment effects authors: joseph cummins, jingyan guo, neha agarwal, anaka aiyar, ... andrew bergmann abstract: using the fourth round of the indian national family health survey (nfhs-4), and subsequently replicating our results using the fifth round (nfhs-5), we document differential child physical growth patterns across caste groups in india, demonstrating that lower caste children are born shorter and grow less quickly than children from higher-caste households. we then show that, in line with work from previous rounds of the nfhs, these differences are largely explainable by observable covariates, particularly maternal characteristics and household wealth variables. our research also reveals a previously undocumented dynamic, that the influence of these variables changes as children develop, and suggests that caste-gaps are the result of multiple mechanisms impacting the child growth process at different stages of development. using age-disaggregated decomposition methods, we demonstrate that health endowment related variables (e.g. maternal height) largely explain birth length gaps, and that variables related to health investments (e.g. household wealth, health care usage) become increasingly influential as children age. children from lower caste households thus face two margins generating height gaps as they age: a persistent endowment disparity present from birth, and a post birth investment differential that exacerbates the initial deficit. 11. title: how epidemics affect marginalized communities in war-torn countries: ebola, securitization, and public opinion about the security forces in liberia authors: theodora-ismene gizelis, sabrina m. karim abstract: epidemics that overwhelm health and national institutions tend to disproportionately affect individuals from marginalized communities. the securitization of epidemics further exacerbates feelings of alienation and victimization by security forces among those in such communities. focusing on this population, our study explores how experiences with securitization during the 2014 ebola virus epidemic in liberia affected perceptions of the security forces. we leverage two, unique surveys conducted before and after the ebola virus disease epidemic in two of monrovia�s informal communities with histories of internally displaced persons and ex-combatants in monrovia, liberia�west point and peace island. our analysis allows us to assess differences in public opinion before and after the ebola virus disease. we find that perceptions of police discrimination and disrespect increased in both communities and that demand for police services declined in both communities. with respect to the armed forces, direct contact with soldiers enhanced feelings of safety, but only among those who did not witness them engaging in abuse. our findings suggest that securitization of epidemics could exacerbate trust in the state, thereby weakening its legitimacy. 12. title: inherent dilemma: balancing conservation efficiency and social equity in natural resource governance authors: godfreyb ssekajja abstract: natural resource governance often grapples with the challenge of balancing conservation efficiency and social equity. while both objectives are essential, their persistent collision exposes an inherent dilemma. suggesting that existing studies fail to grasp the depth of such dilemmas adequately, this paper examines the comprehensive impacts of natural resource policies that strive to maximize conservation targets. i hypothesize that (1) the attainment of conservation efficiency comes at the cost of reduced social equity and (2) the long-term sustainability of natural resource policy is compromised when it prioritizes conservation efficiency while disregarding social equity concerns. the empirical analysis draws on fieldwork in ugandan communities to consider the impacts of a fisheries policy initiated by the government in 2015. a survey of 319 fishermen and unstructured interviews with eighteen elders on buvuma island in lake victoria reveal that while the new policy has considerably enhanced resource conservation, it has also intensified social inequities, and there are valid concerns about its long-term sustainability. additionally, despite the new policy encountering substantial local opposition, a seemingly paradoxical consensus asserts that conservation success is only attainable with the same policy�s implementation. in the conclusion section, this paper suggests that the common �win�win assumption,� which implies misleadingly that conservation efficiency and social equity can always be simultaneously attained, should be replaced with the acknowledgment that trade-offs between the two objectives are often necessary. 13. title: state-owned enterprises as countercyclical instruments: quasi-experimental evidence from the infrastructure sector authors: mat�as herrera dappe, aldo musacchio, burak turkgulu, carolina pan, ... yadviga semikolenova abstract: this paper examines the effects of a negative macroeconomic shock on the financial performance of state-owned enterprises (soes) in infrastructure. the main aim of the paper is to explore whether soes serve as countercyclical instruments or whether they end up generating fiscal costs during a downturn, perhaps amplifying negative shocks. the paper introduces a new measure of fiscal injections that includes subsidies, equity recapitalizations, and loans from the government, other soes, or state-owned financial institutions. the empirical setup uses a quasi-experimental setting that exploits the differential effects of a drastic fall in oil prices (in 2014�15) for soes in countries that experience a negative aggregate demand drop as a consequence of this shock versus similar firms in countries that do not suffer a downturn from the shock. the results�based on a balanced sample using coarsened exact matching and a differences-in-differences estimation�show that soes in treatment countries received increases in fiscal injections as a percent of average assets of 3.5 percent the year after the shock, equivalent to a significant recapitalization. these fiscal injections take the form of equity injections and loans from the government and state-owned financial enterprises. the results also show that capital expenditure as a percent of average assets in fully owned infrastructure soes decreased by 3.5 percentage points the year after the negative shock, equivalent to a 40 percent decline relative to its average level. in sum, this paper presents evidence that shows that soes do not serve as countercyclical tools and, in fact, may amplify negative shocks by requiring fiscal injections for soes while also lowering their capital expenditures. 14. title: criminal governance and public resources: the case of paramilitaries and health care provision in colombia authors: maria camila angulo amaya abstract: non-state armed actors can shape provision of public goods by impeding provision, becoming providers themselves, or taking control of the means for provision. while the literature is prolific at analyzing the former two channels, the third one is underexplored. how does criminal governance affect public goods provisioning via state capture? and do these dynamics facilitate the survival of non-state armed groups? this paper seeks to answer these questions. i argue that institutional cooptation by non-state armed actors (nsas) affects public goods provisioning negatively in contexts of institutional decentralization. in these circumstances, public resource transfers can strengthen rather than weaken nsas. to test my argument, i analyze the colombian case, where criminal insurgencies took control of and diverted public health funds toward their pockets. using data on health care providers, as well as the presence of nsas at the municipal level, i show via two-way fixed effects models that municipalities experiencing paramilitary cooptation see a decrease in public health care provision. similarly, public resource transfers decrease paramilitary demobilizations. this has important implications for the evaluation of decentralization as a strategy for political stabilization, peacekeeping, and development in fragile contexts, as well as for understanding the impact of public spending in strengthening rather than weakening nsas. 15. title: identifying the poor � accounting for household economies of scale in global poverty estimates authors: dean jolliffe, samuel kofi tetteh-baah abstract: estimates of the number of people living in extreme poverty, as reported by the world bank, figure prominently in international development dialogue and policy. an assumption underpinning these poverty counts is that there are no economies of scale in household size � a family of six needs three times as much as a family of two. this paper examines the sensitivity of global estimates of extreme poverty to changing this assumption. the analysis rests on nationally representative household surveys from 162 countries covering 97.5 percent of the population estimated to be in extreme poverty in 2019. we compare current-method estimates with a constant-elasticity scale adjustment that divides total household consumption or income not by household size but by the square-root of household size. while the regional profile of extreme poverty is robust to this change, the determination of who is poor changes substantially � the poverty status of 264 million people changes. we then discuss evidence suggesting that the assumption of economies of scale more closely aligns with non-consumption measures of poverty. specifically, we draw from existing literature of subjective assessments of poverty and wellbeing, along with new empirical evidence from examining the partial correlation (conditional on household size) between the two measures of poverty and a set of presumed poverty covariates (i.e., years of schooling, literacy, asset index, working in agriculture, access to electricity, piped drinking water, improved sanitation). 16. title: who benefits from free trade? authors: mathias b�hler abstract: how is wealth distributed when the economy grows? i study this question in the context of african countries and ethnic groups. if wealth is distributed proportional to population, larger ethnic groups should benefit more when economic activity increases. using nighttime light and individual level data to geographically locate wealth, i find the exact opposite: smaller ethnic groups, particularly those in political power, benefit more from increased economic activity than larger ones. the results indicate that political elites in power redistribute wealth from larger ethnic groups. as a result, people�s satisfaction with democracy and trust in institutions reduces, casting a shadow on the implementation of trade liberalization policies in developing countries. instrumental variables estimating exploiting exogenous variation in trading activity confirm initial results. 17. title: revisiting the trends in global inequality authors: carlos grad�n abstract: i analyze trends in global income distribution since 1950 using a new companion wiid dataset with standardized country income percentiles. i investigate the robustness of these trends with respect to key data choices, as well as the degree to which the inequality trend depends on specific distributional views (such as the use of absolute versus relative inequality, or relative emphasis at the bottom versus the top). the results show a robust increase in absolute inequality, along with a more nuanced trend in relative inequality, with a very robust decline after 2000 that was interrupted by the covid crisis but is expected to continue at least until 2028. 18. title: �if my wife earns more than me, she will force me to do what she wants�: women�s economic empowerment and family caregiving dynamics in tanzania authors: alina bhojani, alya alsager, juliet k. mccann, damas joachim, ... joshua jeong abstract: women�s economic empowerment is recognized as a fundamental component of gender equality and global development. despite a significant body of evidence highlighting the positive effects of women�s labor force participation in low- and middle-income countries, relatively few studies have explored how caregivers of young children perceive women�s economic empowerment in relation to childcare and family responsibilities. the objective of this study was to examine how mothers and fathers viewed the links between maternal employment and family caregiving dynamics specifically in terms of couples� relationships and parenting. we conducted in-depth interviews with 23 mothers and 29 fathers of young children under aged 2 years and 9 focus group discussions with mothers and fathers across 4 communities in mwanza, tanzania. data were analyzed through both deductive and inductive approaches. results revealed distinct gender differences in maternal versus paternal perceptions regarding women�s engagement in income-generating activities. mothers held favorable views towards employment and largely perceived positive effects on parenting, child, and family outcomes. on the other hand, most fathers were unsupportive of women�s employment and held restrictive gender attitudes. men feared a loss of power and perceived various negative consequences in terms of increased marital conflict, poorer maternal parenting, and worse child outcomes. overall, this study revealed differences in maternal versus paternal perceptions about women's economic empowerment and its links with couples� relationships and parenting that were strongly shaped by gender attitudes. women�s economic empowerment programs that engage men to transform gender norms while incorporating program components to strengthen couples� relationships and promote positive parenting have potential for achieving family-wide benefits among mothers, fathers, and young children. 19. title: mobile phone adoption, deforestation, and agricultural land use in uganda authors: suhyun jung, martha rogers abstract: increased access to information technology changes economic opportunities and may indirectly lead to changes in rural households� land use and the local natural environment. with the expansion of service coverage and decreasing cost of mobile phone service plans, particularly in africa, it is critical to understand the implications of the rapid uptake of mobile phones on the environment. in this paper, we estimate the relationship between mobile phone adoption and deforestation in rural areas of uganda over the 2009 to 2013 period. we exploit heterogeneity in household adoption of mobile phones using four rounds of the uganda national panel survey (2009, 2010, 2011, and 2013). we find that a 1% increase in the share of households owning a mobile phone is associated with a 1.2% increase in deforestation within a 5-kilometer radius of these households. at the household level, those acquiring a mobile phone see an average of 8% increase in crop cultivation area, driven by households whose main source of income is not agricultural production. these results suggest that mobile phone adoption may lead to sizeable adverse impacts on the environment via an expansion of crop cultivation areas. the estimated increase in deforestation translates to approximately 16,000 tons of lost carbon storage over two years, valued between $3 and $11 million. 20. title: revisit the one-time subsidies and long-run adoption of health products: quasi-experimental evidence from providing free eyeglasses in rural china authors: hongyu guan, yunyun zhang, kang du, zhijie wang, yaojiang shi abstract: promoting the adoption of health goods and services, especially in developing countries with low utilization rates, is crucial. governments and non-governmental organizations often provide free or highly subsidized healthcare services and products. however, the long-term effects of these subsidies on the adoption of high-return technologies or products remain debated. this study, centered on children's vision care, investigates whether one-time subsidies for eyeglasses influence families' long-term private investment in purchased eyeglasses. the quasi-experiment was conducted in rural shaanxi province, northwest china, between january 2017 and december 2019 and involved 2,936 students from two county-level vision centers. the participants were divided into a treatment group receiving free eyeglasses (voucher group) and a control group receiving only prescription information (prescription group). results demonstrate that providing a one-time subsidy significantly increased subsequent out-of-pocket purchases of vision health services. notably, the fully subsidized group exhibited a 20-percentage-point higher rate of out-of-pocket eyeglass purchases compared to the control group once the subsidy was no longer provided. these positive impacts can be attributed to learning and peer effects arising from the subsidization phase. this study underscores the overall value of subsidies in boosting the uptake of underutilized health services, both in the short term and, more importantly, in the long term. moreover, it suggests broader implications for promoting the adoption of various health products beyond vision care. 21. title: exploring migration decision-making and agricultural adaptation in the context of climate change: a systematic review authors: manisha mukherjee, sonja fransen abstract: this study presents a novel analysis of migration responses to climate change by agricultural households in middle- and low-income countries. we conduct a systematic review of 81 quantitative and qualitative studies, applying the new economics of labor migration (nelm) theory and insights from the development economics literature to understand the link between access to in situ agricultural adaptation measures and migration choices. our findings indicate significant variability in this relationship across different scales of farming operations, including large, medium, small, and landless farmers. we also identify several local contextual factors�such as access to credit, social structures, social fractionalization, conflicts, and migrant networks�that intricately influence this association. our review departs from previous literature $%' 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