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volume 52, issue 4, august 2023
1. title: climate change and the voluntary sector: an introduction
authors: beth gazley, aseem prakash
abstract: the voluntary and civil society sector plays important roles in climate policy, mitigation and adaptation, especially given the pervasive government and market failures in this policy domain. does the quality and quantity of scholarship published in nonprofit-focused journals reflect the topic�s importance? this article reviews voluntary sector scholarship on climate issues and serves to introduce nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly�s first organized collection of research on the voluntary sector and climate change. we begin by summarizing and commenting on the findings of a modified systematic literature review of past research on this subject. we then introduce the other five articles published in this symposium, place them in the context of past literature, and discuss their potential contributions to helping researchers expand the conversation and the knowledge on this topic in future work. finally, we outline ideas and issues for future research.
2. title: the third sector and climate change: a literature review and agenda for future research and action
authors: jennifer a. kagan, jennifer dodge
abstract: this article presents a summary review of the voluntary sector literature on third sector organizations (tsos) and climate change. as governments around the world fail to respond adequately to the climate crisis, tsos are called upon to work with governments, advocate for policy change, and support communities. however, the literature on tsos and climate change remains limited. we reviewed 68 articles about tsos and climate change and identified four mechanisms for voluntary action on climate change, which vary on two dimensions�focusing on advocacy or implementation and occurring within or outside government�and include policy advocacy, advocacy for behavior change, participation in governance, and direct interventions. we conclude with five key areas for future research: explaining the relationship between advocacy strategies and context, foregrounding the role of tsos in climate governance, exploring direct interventions by tsos, examining community-based tsos, and linking tso action and climate outcomes.
3. title: nonprofit sector size and the breadth of local government climate actions: exploring the moderating role of collaboration
authors: yuan (daniel) cheng, angela park, rachel krause
abstract: existing studies often use the association between sector sizes to test the supplementary and complementary models of government�nonprofit relations, assuming that one mode of government�nonprofit relations dominates a policy subsector. we challenge this assumption and propose that the relationship between nonprofit sector size and the breadth of local government policy actions depends on their level of collaboration. situated in the context of urban climate governance and drawing information from a national survey of u.s. local government climate actions, we test this modified model and find a statistically significant moderation effect of collaboration. however, contrary to our proposed hypotheses, our findings suggest that a positive association between the number of environmental nonprofits and governmental climate actions exists when the level of government�nonprofit collaboration is low to moderate. we posit that the adversarial lens of government�nonprofit relations and the cost of collaboration are key to understanding these surprising findings.
4. title: adapted to climate change? issue portfolios of environmental nongovernmental organizations in the americas
authors: jale tosun, emiliano levario saad
abstract: to what extent do traditional environmental nongovernmental organizations (engos) tackle climate change issues? what explains the variation among engos regarding their attention to climate change issues? to answer these questions, we use an original dataset comprising 293 engos that are affiliated with the international union for conservation of nature and based in north, central, or south america. we find that generalist engos have a higher likelihood of tackling climate change issues and even of indicating them as a priority area of their work. however, we also find that the issue areas of the specialist engos and whether these align with climate action explain variation across engos based in different countries. compared with wildlife-focused engos, especially those working on nature protection and sustainability are more likely to tackle climate change issues. interview data confirmed that engo leaders make informed decisions on their organization�s goals.
5. title: characteristics of large environmental nonprofits that identify climate change and social justice as focal concerns
authors: erik w. johnson, azdren coma, sam castonguay
abstract: this article examines the uptake of social justice and climate change as focal issues among the largest u.s. environmental nonprofits. we use 2016 internal revenue service (irs) filings to identify 5,413 large environmental nonprofits of which 8% attend to issues of climate and 10% to issues of social justice. larger organizations are more likely to attend to issues of climate change and social justice, as are groups founded more recently. latent dirichlet allocation (lda) topic modeling of organizational mission statements and descriptions of major activities is used to assign groups to six distinct issue categories. results highlight the divide between wildlife groups that are decidedly unlikely to attend to issues of either climate or justice, and the rest of the national environmental movement. energy and natural resource groups, while strongly vested in climate issues, rarely attend to social justice. these findings have clear implications for climate and justice advocates seeking change in the environmental advocacy sector.
6. title: resilience in recovery? understanding the extent, structure, and operations of nonprofits meant to address disaster survivors� unmet needs
authors: michelle annette meyer, mason alexander-hawk, j. carlee purdum, haley yelle, jordan vick, adrian rodriguez, saul romero, kenneth anderson taylor
abstract: climate change is increasing the likelihood and magnitude of disaster impacts. the nonprofit sector�s ability to address disaster survivors� needs will become an increasingly important aspect of adapting to a changing climate. disaster recovery also provides time for nonprofits to affect community resilience to future disasters and climate change. this article analyzes a unique phenomenon of the sector during disaster recovery: long-term recovery groups. these groups are increasingly encouraged by government and national nonprofits, yet little academic research exists on them. we assess the existence and location of groups, their missions and tasks, and their legal structure. we find heterogeneity in structure and location but similarity in stated goals of addressing failures of government and private sector recovery practices. these groups emerge, as expected, in areas with disaster losses and in areas with slightly greater social vulnerability. most groups, though, miss the opportunity to include climate change as part of their mission.
7. title: �i�m not doing it for the company�: examining employee volunteering through employees� eyes
authors: joanne cook, jon burchell, harriet thiery, taposh roy
abstract: this article contributes to research on employee volunteering (ev) by focusing on the experiences of individuals to address the current overemphasis upon collective organizational outcomes. drawing on qualitative research with employees and corporate social responsibility managers across seven companies, it demonstrates why employees� experiences are central to understanding the complex mechanisms that link ev with organizational outcomes. the article reveals how both positive and negative organizational outcomes are influenced by the complex relationship between personal motivations and employees� volunteering experiences�within their organization and within their community�combined with their broader reflexive interpretation of their employing organization and its values.
8. title: predictors of nonprofit ethno-racial diversity: examining local community demographics and political ideology
authors: skylar rolf, chris tuggle, steven d. schlachter, ruth sessler bernstein
abstract: although the practitioner and the academic literatures both note the importance of ethno-racial diversity in the nonprofit sector, we pursue a better understanding of this sector�s ethno-racial diversity dynamics by exploring the drivers of ethno-racial diversity at multiple organizational hierarchy levels�boards of directors, executive staff teams, and full-time staff. using data from nonprofit organizations participating in candid�s diversity, equity, and inclusion initiative, we find evidence that upward mobility for ethno-racial minority group members remains limited. our findings also indicate a positive relationship between ethno-racial diversity in a nonprofit�s local community and ethno-racial diversity at each organizational hierarchy level. this relationship is partially mediated by the political liberalness of the local community, with the strongest mediating effects at the board of directors and executive staff organizational levels. this partial mediation suggests that the local environment�s tolerance of societal hierarchies and unequal outcomes may be related to nonprofit organizational diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts.
9. title: socio-structural determinants in volunteering for humanitarian organizations: a resource-based approach
authors: maikel meijeren, marcel lubbers, peer scheepers
abstract: this article examines who volunteers for humanitarian organizations as compared to volunteering for other organizations versus people not volunteering, in the netherlands. using high-quality survey data (n = 5,050), we depart from a classic theoretical resource-based approach to study what forms of resources play a role in the likelihood to volunteer for different types of civic associations. we find that education and subjective health as indicators of human capital matter in volunteering for most types of associations, however, more so for humanitarian organizations than some other types of organizations. social capital is of larger importance in volunteering for leisure organizations than for humanitarian ones, while cultural capital is relevant for volunteering but not more for humanitarian associations. some forms of capital are thus stronger related to particular organizations, showing the different demographic compositions of the distinguished associations. we recommend to be more sensitive in distinguishing explanations of volunteering for different associations.
10. title: switching from corporate to nonprofit work: career transitions of commercially imprinted managers
authors: elisabeth niendorf, karin kreutzer, marjo-riitta diehl
abstract: despite an increasing number of executives who transition from for-profit to not-for-profit organizations, our understanding of how commercially imprinted managers navigate the new setting remains limited. we collected data in the form of biographical interviews and observations with managers who had previously held a leading position in a commercial company and moved to work for a not-for-profit organization. we offer a typology of three responses that commercially imprinted managers used and identify conditions related to individuals� biographies that facilitate the use of such responses, including social sector engagement, hybridity in previous job positions, international exposure, volunteering, and a diverse network.
11. title: a guide to the canadian t3010 for users of the u.s. form 990
authors: elizabeth a. m. searing, nathan j. grasse
abstract: this research note introduces nonprofit researchers accustomed to the u.s. form 990 to the canadian data captured on the t3010 financial form that will soon be available to researchers on a broad scale. similar to the internal revenue service (irs) form 990, the canada revenue agency (cra) t3010 is an annual information filing required of every canadian charity that meets certain requirements. however, several elements in the data are unique to the canadian context, while others are similar to the form 990 but must be interpreted with attention to differences in definition and accounting practice that might otherwise complicate attempts at cross-national comparisons. once these elements and the data�s limitations are understood, however, the forthcoming datasets will allow rich analysis for researchers and practitioners in areas that are yet unexplored with large data sources.
12. title: to give or not to give? the influence of board giving on nonprofit external donations
authors: chiako hung
abstract: many nonprofits encourage or require their boards to give, using board giving as a signal of governance commitment to boost external donations. however, nonprofit boards are uncertain about whether their giving really is necessary and effective for improving external fundraising. this exploratory study uses a longitudinal sample and draws on signaling theory and the crowding-in hypothesis to predict whether, and under what conditions, board giving leads to external donations for arts-related nonprofits. the results indicate a positive relationship between board giving and nonprofit external donations. moreover, the results show that the positive effect of board giving is more pronounced in commercial nonprofits and that corporate donors react to board giving more positively than foundation and individual donors. these results suggest that the use of board giving as a fundraising strategy would be the most effective when commercial, arts-related nonprofits ask corporate donors for donations.
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13. title: the intersector: how the public, nonprofit, and private sectors can address america�s challenges, by gitterman, d. p., & britto, n. (eds.)
authors: tiana marrese
abstract: the article reviews the book �the intersector: how the public, nonprofit, and private sectors can address america�s challenges� by gitterman, d. p., and britto, n.
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