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��ࡱ�>�� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ �r�`rbjbj�)�)2v�c�g�c�g�k �������66������������8d���v����������u�u�u�u�u�u�u$x�5[fv9������v����4sv����:�����u���u���������� ������ (��uiv0�v�{[4:{[��4{[��r��������vvnl����v������������������������������������������������������������������������{[���������6b �: urban studies volume 60, issue 9, july 2023 1. title: urban public health emergencies and the covid-19 pandemic. part 2: infrastructures, urban governance and civil society authors: yingling fan, scott orford, philip hubbard abstract: covid-19 had sudden and dramatic impacts on the organisation and governance of urban life. in part 2 of this special issue on public health emergencies we question the extent to which the pandemic ushered in fundamentally new understandings of urban public health, noting that ideas of urban pathology and the relation of dirt, disease and danger in cities, have long informed practices of planning. emphasising important continuities in the way pandemics are associated with minoritised and vulnerable groups, past and present, we note that public health initiatives can often exacerbate existing health divides, and actually deepen health crises. against this, we document the emergence of participatory, community-led responses to the pandemic that offered the promise of more inclusive urban policy, often characterised by self-organisation. while we argue that any public health policy needs to be mindful of local contingencies, the promise of inclusive policies is that they will lead to healthier cities for all, not simply protect the health of the wealthy few. 2. title: critical commentary: repopulating density: covid-19 and the politics of urban value authors: colin mcfarlane abstract: how might concepts of �value� and �population� illuminate the present and future of urban density? the covid-19 pandemic prompted a public debate on density in the city. while some initially blamed density for the spread of the virus, others rightly cautioned against those claims. as the pandemic progressed, an imaginary of density-as-pathology gave way to a more nuanced geographical understanding of the urban dimensions of the crisis, focused on connections, spatial conditions, domestic �overcrowding� and poverty. throughout, an interrogation and reflection on urban density and its future unfolded, throwing into question the historical relationship between �value� and �population� in understandings of density. i argue for a new politics of value based on shifts in three interconnected domains � governance, form and knowledge � and identify implications for research on density in urban studies. 3. title: planning for social distancing: how the legacy of historical epidemics shaped covid-19's spread in madrid authors: noel a manzano g�mez abstract: this paper combines historical and contemporary sources to examine �epidemic urban planning� from the first decades of the 20th century through to the present day. it considers how infamous early 20th-century epidemics triggered the development of several urban regulations that profoundly shaped the city�s future. to reduce the risk of contagion in bourgeois space, the city began displacing and spatially segregating the urban poor, leading to deprived neighbourhoods in the city�s suburbs. the social and urban structure of these deprived, �vulnerable� neighbourhoods remains to this day. madrid was also greatly impacted by the covid-19 crisis, and the initial distribution of covid geographies seemed to reflect these historical legacies. epidemic-influenced segregation kept wealthy neighbourhoods relatively safe during the first waves of the covid-19 pandemic, concentrating the disease in poorer areas. 4. title: compact living or policy inaction? effects of urban density and lockdown on the covid-19 outbreak in the us authors: andy hong, sandip chakrabarti abstract: the coronavirus pandemic has reignited the debate over urban density. popular media has been quick to blame density as a key contributor to rapid disease transmission, questioning whether compact cities are still a desirable planning goal. past research on the density�pandemic connection have produced mixed results. this article offers a critical perspective on this debate by unpacking the effects of alternative measures of urban density, and examining the impacts of mandatory lockdowns and the stringency of other government restrictions on cumulative covid-19 infection and mortality rates during the early phase of the pandemic in the us. our results show a consistent positive effect of density on covid-19 outcomes across urban areas during the first six months of the outbreak. however, we find modest variations in the density�pandemic relationship depending on how densities are measured. we also find relatively longer duration mandatory lockdowns to be associated with lower infection and mortality rates, and lockdown duration�s effect to be relatively more pronounced in high-density urban areas. moreover, we find that the timing of lockdown imposition and the stringency of the government�s response additionally influence covid-19 outcomes, and that the effects vary by urban density. we argue that the adverse impact of density on pandemics could be mitigated by adopting strict lockdowns and other stringent human mobility and interaction restriction policies in a spatially targeted manner. our study helps to inform current and future government policies to contain the virus, and to make our cities more resilient against future shocks and threats. 5. title: cities and infectious diseases: assessing the exposure of pedestrians to virus transmission along city streets authors: achilleas psyllidis, f�bio duarte, roos teeuwen, arianna salazar miranda, tom benson, alessandro bozzon abstract: as cities resume life in public space, they face the difficult task of retaining outdoor activity while decreasing exposure to airborne viruses, such as the novel coronavirus. even though the transmission risk is higher in indoor spaces, recent evidence suggests that physical contact outdoors also contributes to an increased virus exposure. given that streets constitute the largest percentage of public space in cities, there is an increasing need to prioritise their use to minimise transmission risk. however, city officials currently lack the assessment tools to achieve this. this article evaluates the extent to which street segments are associated with spatiotemporal variations of potential exposures of pedestrians to virus transmission. we develop a multi-component risk score that considers both urban form and human activity along streets over time, including (a) an assessment of pedestrian infrastructure according to the average width of pavements, (b) a measure of accessibility for each street based on its position in the street network, (c) an activity exposure score that identifies places along streets where exposure could be higher and (d) an estimate of the number of pedestrians that will pass through each street during weekdays and weekends. we use amsterdam in the netherlands as a case study to illustrate how our score could be used to assess the exposure of pedestrians to virus transmission along streets. our approach can be replicated in other cities facing a similar challenge of bringing life back to the streets while minimising transmission risks. 6. title: spatialising urban health vulnerability: an analysisof nyc�s critical infrastructure during covid-19 authors: gayatri kawlra, kazuki sakamoto abstract: this paper examines how fragmentation of critical infrastructure impacts the spread of the coronavirus outbreak in new york city at the neighbourhood level. the location of transportation hubs, grocery stores, pharmacies, hospitals and parks plays an important role in shaping spatial disparities in virus spread. using supervised machine learning and spatial regression modelling we examine how the geography of covid-19 case rates is influenced by the spatial arrangement of four critical sectors of the built environment during the public health emergency in new york city: health care facilities, mobility networks, food and nutrition and open space. our models suggest that an analysis of urban health vulnerability is incomplete without the inclusion of critical infrastructure metrics in dense urban geographies. our findings show that covid-19 risk at the zip code level is influenced by (1) socio-demographic vulnerability, (2) epidemiological risk, and (3) availability and access to critical infrastructure. 7. title: urban rhythms in a small home: covid-19 as a mechanism of exception authors: jenny preece, kim mckee, david robinson, john flint abstract: the amount of living space we have access to is one manifestation of the unequal distribution of housing resources within societies. the covid-19 pandemic has required most households to spend more time at home, unmasking inequalities and reigniting longstanding debates about the functionality and experience of smaller homes. drawing on interviews across three uk cities, this article attends to the changing household routines of individuals living in different types of small home, exploring daily life before and during �lockdown�. using the concept of urban rhythms, the data show that the lockdown has intensified existing pressures of living in a smaller home � lack of space for different functions and household members � whilst constraining coping strategies, like spending time outside the home. lockdown restrictions governing mobility and contact acted as a mechanism of exception, disrupting habitual patterns of life and sociability, and forcing people to spend more time in smaller homes that struggled to accommodate different functions, affecting home atmospheres. for some, the loss of normal strategies was so significant that they sought to challenge the new rules governing daily life to protect their wellbeing. 8. title: social pathologies and urban pathogenicity: moving towards better pandemic futures authors: tankut atuk, susan l craddock abstract: in this article, we suggest rethinking how to move forward in a way that better elucidates socio-economic and political factors driving inequities, and in turn points to more broad sweeping, deep-rooted changes necessary if pandemics in the future are finally going to be mitigated pre-emptively rather than reactively. to this end, we argue that a more comprehensive, flexible and incisive approach is necessary � a hermeneutic framework that focuses analytical attention and action on interventions upstream, on the multifaceted interrelations necessary before lives currently deemed disposable are lost. unlike dominant public health and epidemiological approaches, that is, social determinants of health and syndemics, proven unlikely to fuel structural change or to enable pre-emptive response, we propose the framework of pathogenicity and apply it to urban contexts to answer questions concerning the relationship between microbes on the one hand, and on the other, the urban, social, political, ideological, global, scientific, economic and many other relations that galvanise these into pathogens. by employing pathogenicity in the context of two case studies in the us and turkey, we shift emphasis away from tackling microbes to better understanding what makes those microbes, and even the interventions implemented to stop them, so destructive. 9. title: vulnerability, neglect, and collectivity in brazilian favelas: surviving the threats of the covid-19 pandemic and the state�s necropolitics authors: patricia basile abstract: the covid-19 pandemic has deepened existing inequities and injustices in brazil, seen in the disproportionately detrimental impacts on favelas. state policy responses to the pandemic have disregarded favela residents� experiences. recommendations such as �shelter-in-place ignore the reality of over 11.4 million favela residents who cannot work from home or afford to stop working, nor practise physical distancing from others. this study investigates the discourse of community organisations in favelas as they respond to the threats of the covid-19 pandemic and the state�s necropolitics. community organisations in favelas have taken action to protect their residents from the virus, unemployment and hunger. i assess organisations� (1) justification to act as a collective in their communities, and (2) stances about the government�s responses to the crisis. through content analysis of social media, websites and media appearances of eight favela organisations and collectives in s�o paulo and rio de janeiro, this study finds three main themes through which organisations justify their actions: vulnerability, neglect, and collectivity and care. more than survival strategies, the actions of favela organisations are counter-political acts as they oppose the decrepit necropolitics of the state by collectively enduring in the brazilian context of the covid-19 pandemic. understanding favela organisations� actions in response to the pandemic is fundamental. it further illuminates the impact of public health emergencies in the lives of informal settlements� residents and the governance of public health emergencies in these communities. 10. title: urban epidemic governance: an event system analysis of the outbreak and control of covid-19 in wuhan, china authors: jinliao he, yuan zhang abstract: the outbreak of a virus such as covid-19 is composed of a series of seemingly random incidents which are nevertheless interconnected. in a novel approach, this article adopts the event system theory (est), established in organisational behaviour science, to investigate the mechanism of epidemic governance in wuhan, the city which reported the first case of covid-19 and thereafter successfully controlled the outbreak. the event system analysis divided wuhan�s response mechanism to covid-19 into four dimensions: the graded response systems, the interactive relationship between multilevel entities of epidemic governance, the quarantine regulations and the governance of public sentiment. there are numerous lessons learned and effective measures developed from the �wuhan experience�. these lessons and measures can assist other cities around the world to cope with the current covid-19 crisis and prepare their urban governance systems for similar infectious diseases in the future. we urgently advocate the addition of more scholarly discussion on urban epidemic governance by incorporating interdisciplinary approaches like est in particular. 11. title: towards a constructed order of co-governance: understanding the state�society dynamics of neighbourhood collaborative responses to covid-19 in urban china authors: zhilin liu, sainan lin, tingting lu, yue shen, sisi liang abstract: the state�society relationship in neighbourhood governance has been a focal topic in the urban governance literature, though the existing scholarship was primarily drawn from non-crisis situations. adopting a mixed-methods approach, this study investigates the intricate state�society dynamics manifested at the neighbourhood scale as state and societal actors collaborated during china�s covid-19 responses. our study reveals a pattern of collaborative rather than confrontational dynamics between resident committees and other stakeholders during pandemic responses, which reflects the emergence of a constructed order of neighbourhood co-governance in urban china. previous community-building reforms consolidated the political legitimacy, power and capacity of resident committees, which were empowered to play a critical coordinating role in bridging hierarchical state mobilisation and horizontal stakeholders in the collaborative pandemic responses. these findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of neighbourhood co-governance in the international literature and provide lessons for resilience governance from a comparative lens. 12. title: governing public health emergencies during the coronavirus disease outbreak: lessons from four chinese cities in the first wave authors: lingyue li, surong zhang, jinfeng wang, xiaoming yang, lan wang abstract: the ongoing coronavirus disease (covid-19) pandemic has had a far-reaching impact on urban living, prompting emergency preparedness and response from public health governance at multiple levels. the chinese government has adopted a series of policy measures to control infectious disease, for which cities are the key spatial units. this research traces and reports analyses of those policy measures and their evolution in four chinese cities: zhengzhou, hangzhou, shanghai and chengdu. the theoretical framework stems from conceptualisations of urban governance and its role in public health emergencies, wherein crisis management and emergency response are highlighted. in all four cities, the trend curves of cumulative diagnosed cases, critical policies launched in key time nodes and local governance approaches in the first wave were identified and compared. the findings suggest that capable local leadership is indispensable for controlling the coronavirus epidemic, yet local governments� approaches are varied, contributing to dissimilar local epidemic control policy pathways and positive outcomes in the fight against covid-19. the effectiveness of disease control is determined by how local governments� measures have adapted to geospatial and socioeconomic heterogeneity. the coordinated actions from central to local governments also reveal an efficient, top-down command transmission and execution system for coping with the pandemic. this article argues that effective control of pandemics requires both a holistic package of governance strategies and locally adaptive governance measures/processes, and concludes with proposals for both a more effective response at the local level and identification of barriers to achieving these responses within diverse subnational institutional contexts. 13. title: debates paper: covid-19 and urban informality: exploring the implications of the pandemic for the politics of planning and inequality authors: gavin shatkin, vivek mishra, maria khristine alvarez abstract: the covid-19 pandemic has highlighted a major contradiction in contemporary urban planning. this is the relationship between the entrepreneurial modes of urban politics that shape contemporary planning practice and the interrelated dynamics of economic precarity and informalisation of low-income communities that exacerbate contagion, and therefore enable pandemic spread. through a review of literature on the urban dimensions of covid-19, and on the historical relationship between pandemics and urban planning, we develop a framework for analysing the debates that are emerging around planning approaches to addressing contemporary pandemic risk in low-income, informalised communities. we argue that post-pandemic debates about urban planning responses are likely to take shape around three discourses that have framed approaches to addressing inform  "&') ,-./8�������ʸʸʸ����~qqcuhc=uhicy5�ojqj^jhj�5�ojqj^jo(hb�hb�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h@ t5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#hb�hb�5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#hb�hb�5�cjojqj^jaj,-.��  { � * ��xy����u�#�#������������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4����� � � �     & ' g z { � � � � � � )* 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