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���������������������8<v��kljjjjj���kkkkkkk$�l��o:8k������8k��jj4mk�����j�jk��k���j����pb�ف"���v��jck0�k��o2:�o���/�o��hl��������8k8kl�����k�������������������������������������������������������������������������o�����������: journal of policy analysis and management
volume 31, issue 2, spring 2012
1. title: education and poverty: confronting the evidence
authors: helen f. ladd
abstract: current u.s. policy initiatives to improve the u.s. education system, including no child left behind, test-based evaluation of teachers, and the promotion of competition are misguided because they either deny or set to the side a basic body of evidence documenting that students from disadvantaged households on average perform less well in school than those from more advantaged families. because these policy initiatives do not directly address the educational challenges experienced by disadvantaged students, they have contributed little�and are not likely to contribute much in the future�to raising overall student achievement or to reducing achievement and educational attainment gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged students. moreover, such policies have the potential to do serious harm. addressing the educational challenges faced by children from disadvantaged families will require a broader and bolder approach to education policy than the recent efforts to reform schools.
2. title: the effects of building strong families: a healthy marriage and relationship skills education program for unmarried parents
authors: robert g. wood, sheena mcconnell, quinn moore, andrew clarkwest, joann hsueh
abstract: this article examines the impacts of building strong families, a healthy marriage and relationship skills education program serving unmarried parents who were expecting or had recently had a baby. based on a random assignment research design, the analysis uses survey data from more than 4,700 couples across eight research sites to estimate program effects. results varied across sites, with one site having a pattern of positive effects (but no effect on marriage) and another having numerous negative effects. however, when impacts are averaged across all research sites, the findings indicate that the program had no overall effects on couples� relationship quality or the likelihood that they remained together or got married.
3. title: medicare part d and its effect on the use of prescription drugs and use of other health care services of the elderly
authors: robert kaestner, nasreen khan
abstract: we examine the effect of gaining prescription drug insurance, as a result of medicare part d, on use of prescription drugs and other medical services for a nationally representative sample of medicare beneficiaries. given the heightened importance of prescription drugs for those with chronic illness, we provide separate estimates for elderly in poorer health. we find that medicare part d significantly reduced socioeconomic and geographic disparities in prescription drug insurance among the elderly. gaining prescription drug insurance through medicare part d was associated with a 30 percent increase in the number of annual prescriptions and a 40 percent increase in expenditures on prescription drugs for both the general population of the elderly and the elderly in poorer health. we find little evidence that prescription drug insurance was strongly associated with the use of outpatient and inpatient services, although our investigation of these associations was limited by a lack of statistical power.
4. title: three strategies to prevent unintended pregnancy
authors: adam thomas
abstract: this paper presents results from fiscal impact simulations of three national-level policies designed to prevent unintended pregnancy: a media campaign encouraging condom use, a pregnancy prevention program for at-risk youth, and an expansion in medicaid family planning services. these simulations were performed using familyscape, a recently developed agent-based simulation model of family formation. in some simulation specifications, policies� benefits are monetized by accounting for projected reductions in government expenditures on medical care for pregnant women and infants. in a majority of these specifications, policies� fiscal benefit-cost ratios are less than 1. however, in specifications that account additionally for projected savings to programs that provide a broader range of benefits and services to young children, all three policies have benefit-cost ratios that are comfortably greater than 1. the results from my preferred specifications suggest that the simulated policies would produce returns to taxpayers on each dollar spent of between $2 to $6. on the whole, the results of these simulations imply that all three policies are sound public investments.
5. title: junk food in schools and childhood obesity
authors: ashlesha datar, nancy nicosia
abstract: despite limited empirical evidence, there is growing concern that junk food availability in schools has contributed to the childhood obesity epidemic. in this paper, we estimate the effects of junk food availability on body mass index (bmi), obesity, and related outcomes among a national sample of fifth graders. unlike previous studies, we address the endogeneity of the school food environment by controlling for children's bmi at school entry and estimating instrumental variables regressions that leverage variation in the school's grade span. our main finding is that junk food availability does not significantly increase bmi or obesity among this fifth-grade cohort despite the increased likelihood of in-school junk food purchases. the results are robust to alternate measures of junk food availability including school administrator reports of sales during school hours, school administrator reports of competitive food outlets, and children's reports of junk food availability. moreover, the absence of any effects on overall food consumption and physical activity further support the null findings for bmi and obesity.
6. title: is there an association between gasoline prices and physical activity? evidence from american time use data
authors: bisakha sen
abstract: obesity is epidemic in the united states, and there is an imperative need to identify policy tools that may help fight this epidemic. a recent paper in the economics literature finds an inverse relationship between gasoline prices and obesity risk�suggesting that increased gasoline prices via higher gasoline taxes may have the effect of reducing obesity prevalence. this study builds upon that paper. it utilizes cross-sectional time series data from the american time use survey (atus) over 2003�2008, utilizes the increases that occurred in gasoline prices in this period due to hurricane katrina and to the global spike in gasoline prices as a �natural experiment,� and explores how time spent by americans on different forms of physical activity is associated with gasoline price levels. economic theory suggests that higher gasoline prices may alter individual behavior both via a �substitution effect� whereby people seek alternatives to motorized transportation, and an �income effect� whereby the effect of higher gasoline prices on the disposable family budget leads people to make various adjustments to what they spend money on. the latter may lead to some increase in physical activity (for example, doing one's own yard work instead of hiring help), but may also lead to decreases in other physical activities that involve expenses, such as team sports or workouts at the gym. thus, ultimately, the relationship between gasoline prices and physical activity must be empirically determined. results from multivariate regression models with state and time fixed effects indicate that higher gasoline prices are associated with an overall increase of physical activity that is at least moderately energy intensive. the increases are most pronounced in periods where gasoline prices fluctuate more sharply and unexpectedly. these results appear robust to a number of model specifications. one of the major components of this increase appears to be an increase in housework that is at least moderately energy intensive�such as interior and exterior cleaning, garden, and yard work. this tentatively suggests that there is an income effect of higher gasoline prices, or a possible increase in prices of such services when gasoline prices increase. however, the increases in physical activity associated with increased gasoline prices are weaker among minorities and low socioeconomic status (ses) individuals. hence, while a policy that increases gasoline prices via raised gasoline taxes may have benefits in terms of increasing overall physical activity levels in the united states, these benefits may not accrue to low ses individuals to the same extent as to their higher ses counterparts. this suggests that if increasing physical activity is the primary goal, then it may be more efficient to use a tax that can exert an income effect on mid-to-high ses households, such as a targeted income tax. on the other hand, if gasoline taxes are imposed to address other negative externalities of gasoline use, then these taxes may have the added benefit of increasing physical activity at least among some segments of u.s. society.
7. title: the impact of federal preemption of state antipredatory lending laws on the foreclosure crisis
authors: lei ding, roberto g. quercia, carolina k. reid, alan m. white
abstract: state antipredatory lending laws (apls) are designed to protect borrowers against predatory lending that can increase the risk of default and deplete the home equity held by borrowers. federal regulators instituted preemption that limited the scope and reach of state antipredatory lending regulations for certain lenders. based on the variation in state laws and the variation in the regulatory environment among lenders, this paper identifies the effects of federal preemption of state apls on the quality of mortgages originated by preempted lenders. the results provide evidence of a relatively higher increase in default risk among loans exempted from strong state antipredatory laws. these results are most robust among refinance mortgages with adjustable interest rates�a large and highly dynamic market in the period of analysis. the findings provide initial evidence that preemption of state mortgage lending regulations may result in an increase in mortgage default risk, thus limiting consumer protection in the residential mortgage market.
8. title: the effect of requiring private employers to extend health benefit eligibility to same-sex partners of employees: evidence from california
authors: thomas c. buchmueller, christopher s. carpenter
abstract: health disparities related to sexual orientation are well documented and may be due to unequal access to a partner's employer-sponsored insurance (esi). we provide the literature's first evaluation of legislation enacted by california in 2005 that required private employers within the state to treat employees in committed same-sex relationships in the same way as employees in different-sex marriages with respect to esi. our analysis uses data on sexual orientation, partnership, and health insurance from the 2001 to 2007 california health interview surveys (chis). prior to the reform, partnered gay men and lesbians were significantly less likely to have esi in someone else's name than partnered heterosexuals. pooling data from 2001 to 2007, we find that the reform had no effects on differences in insurance outcomes between gay and straight men. we find some evidence that the reform increased partnership, reduced full-time employment, and increased health insurance coverage among lesbians relative to heterosexual women. the increases in insurance coverage for lesbians are consistent with a role for expanded dependent esi, suggesting that such policies may reduce sexual orientation-based insurance disparities among women.
9. title: reducing environmental risks by information disclosure: evidence in residential lead paint disclosure rule
authors: hyunhoe bae
abstract: recently, there has been a surge in environmental regulations that require information disclosure. however, existing empirical evidence is limited to certain applications and has yet to generalize the effectiveness of this approach as a policy strategy to reduce environmental risks. this study evaluates the disclosure rule of the residential lead paint hazard (title x) introduced in 1996. this regulation is one of the most prominent environmental disclosure laws, but its effectiveness has been relatively under-investigated. title x was intended to induce information recipients� risk prevention behavior by proclaiming lead paint risk in old homes. specifically, this study assumed three types of behavioral changes could be induced by title x�(1) testing for lead paint, (2) maintaining painted surfaces in a proper condition, and (3) switching buying choice from old houses to new houses. in addition, using the national american housing survey, this study examined whether title x increased the occurrence of those three behaviors. the results show that title x increased the probability of homebuyers� lead testing and decreased the probability of the existence of peeling paint in old homes. the analyses on households� buying choices found that title x did not result in a substantial switch from old houses to new houses in any socioeconomic status groups. however, it was found that the policy reduced the instances of households with young children occupying old homes. the findings in this study indicate that the policy generally induced more risk management behavior on existing risks and greatly influenced families with young children to such an extent that they changed their buying choice.
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