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economic effects of the pandemic ravage the civil sector. over time, however, we turn to questions of resilience: how can organizations prepare for rare, but devastating, financial shocks? three months of funds to cover operating expenses are often described as a suitable savings target. however, organizations differ greatly in their revenue volatility, which suggests that �3 months� may severely underestimate the reserves that certain organizations should hold. we measure revenue volatility and calculate reserve fund targets for 25 nonprofit subsectors, showing sharp differences in optimal savings levels ranging up to 1 year of total expenses. we also explore organizational characteristics associated with revenue volatility. we argue for a resilience strategy that goes beyond optimizing the contents of the revenue portfolio. funders and nonprofit practitioners should consider the broader context of financial resilience that includes correctly sized reserves as a stabilizing force. 2. title: gendered funding: united way board composition and the funding of women- and girl-serving organizations authors: lauren dula abstract: representative bureaucracy theory posits that the passive representation of women in leadership positions will lead to active representation of the concerns of women in general. this article attempts to identify whether this theory plays out on boards of nonprofit funding organizations, specifically united ways across the united states. using random effects modeling of interrupted time series data covering 15 years, the findings suggest a small yet significant nonlinear effect of women in leadership positions on boards upon the size of funding for women- and girl-serving organizations. this partially supports representative bureaucracy theory, but raises questions as to why there is a negative representational effect past a certain �critical mass� of women. 3. title: �mo� together or alone? investigating the role of fundraisers� networks in online peer-to-peer fundraising authors: anna priante, michel l. ehrenhard, tijs van den broek, ariana need, djoerd hiemstra abstract: in online peer-to-peer fundraising, individual fundraisers, acting on behalf of nonprofit organizations, mobilize their social networks using social media to request donations. whereas existing studies focus on networks of donors to explain success, we examine the role of the networks of fundraisers and their effect on fundraising outcomes. by drawing on social capital and network theories, we investigate how social capital derived from social media networks and fundraising groups explains individual fundraising success. using the movember health campaign on twitter as an empirical context, we find that fundraising success is associated with a moderate level of centrality in social media networks and moderate group network size. in addition, we find that fundraisers interact only marginally on social media but prefer to connect with each other outside these platforms and engage in group fundraising. our article contributes to research on fundraising and social networks and provides recommendations for practice. 4. title: donor identity, morality, and nonprofit organizations: soliciting donations and recruiting volunteers for the red cross, 1863�1919 authors: shai m. dromi abstract: recent literature has highlighted the central role that donor identity, the perception of oneself as a giving person, plays in fundraising. in this, nonprofit organizations develop strategies to encourage a generous self-perception among potential donors and volunteers to elicit donations. however, existing literature has not yet examined the cultural repertoires that organizations develop to portray convincing representations of donor identity to their donor and volunteer base. this article argues that nonprofit organizations draw on broad, culturally defined notions of the moral good to create idealized depictions of a donor identity. to demonstrate, the article looks at the early decades of the red cross movement. it shows that the movement developed four different logics to depict romanticized notions of donors and volunteers, each based on a different idea of the social good. the article argues that such meaning-making is a key aspect of nonprofit organizations� work. 5. title: servant leadership, volunteer retention, and organizational citizenship behavior in nonprofit organizations: examining the mediating role of job satisfaction authors: nor syamaliah ngah, nor liza abdullah, norazah mohd suki abstract: nonprofit organizations (npos) face great challenges in attracting and retaining volunteers due to the short-term nature of most voluntary posts. this study examines the mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between servant leadership and volunteer retention and organizational citizenship behavior in npos among university students in the context of a developing nation. the partial least squares-structural equation modeling (pls-sem) approach reveals that job satisfaction is the most important predictor of volunteer retention in npos. moreover, the significantly mediating effects of job satisfaction on the relationship between servant leadership and volunteer retention and organizational citizenship behavior in npos is evinced. volunteers report being highly satisfied with the npos� communication of their vision and mission and confirm that they are provided with support networks when volunteer-related problems occur and when they are autonomous in fulfilling their volunteer assignments. 6. title: a grounded theory study of major gift fundraising relationships in u.s. higher education authors: genevieve g. shaker, deanna nelson abstract: nurturing relationships with major donors is a priority for nonprofits, and �relationship fundraising� is the dominant paradigm. this grounded theory study addressed practical needs and a dearth of research by analyzing how fundraisers develop relationships. in a first-of-its-kind study, we interviewed 20 pairs of higher education fundraisers and major donors (n = 40) from multiple u.s. institutions. we discovered five tiers of relationships from a basic connection, personalized association, confident relationship, purposeful partnership, to a consequential bond. fundraisers initiated the progression until the final tier; the theoretical model shows their intentionality in the relationships� development. major gifts occurred in all tiers. the model illustrates how fundraisers build relationships, explores donors� expectations, and affirms the relational nature of major gift fundraising. it provides some of the only empirical evidence regarding major donors, and the relationship fundraising philosophy touted in practitioner literature. the analysis reveals connections to theories from social psychology and relationship marketing. 7. title: nonprofit board governance policy adoption: toward an integrated board interlock network and institutional perspectives authors: nara yoon abstract: previous research lags behind in illuminating theoretical mechanisms that shape governance decision-making on board practices. using an integrated theoretical approach, i examine how board interlock network and institutional factors are associated with board governance policy adoption in nonprofit organizations. a linear regression model is employed to investigate policies adopted by a panel of public charities in three cities in upstate new york during 2008 and 2014. results show that not only the presence of board interlock networks but also central network positions relate to extensive policy adoption. results also reveal that the use of paid professionals in management relates to institutional isomorphism reflected by more extensive governance policy adoption. these results provide insights for nonprofit leaders seeking to facilitate good governance practices by paying attention to board members� affiliations and institutional environment considerations. 8. title: motives, supporting activities, and selection criteria of social impact incubators: an experimental conjoint study authors: mirko hirschmann, alexandra moritz, joern h. block abstract: social impact incubators (siis) are a new type of incubator that support social enterprises (ses) in their early business stages to foster and develop their hybrid objectives. however, research on siis is still scarce, and little is known about siis� motives, supporting activities, and selection criteria. in investigating 71 sii decision-makers, we find the societal duty motive stated as �most important,� while the financial motive is stated as �least important.� furthermore, we identify the authenticity of the founding team and the importance of the societal problem addressed as siis� most important selection criteria. however, significant heterogeneity exists within the group of siis with regard to their selection criteria. in particular, siis with strong innovation and societal duty motives stand out and differ in their se selection criteria from other siis. our results extend prior research on siis and contribute to the discussion on the selection criteria of se supporters. 9. title: mirroring empowerment: exploring structural barriers to volunteer motivation fulfillment in an all-female youth sport program authors: alaina c. zanin, katrina n. hanna, laura v. martinez abstract: this study utilizes structuration theory to reveal how volunteer coaches in an all-female youth sport program describe barriers and agency to their organizational mission of athlete empowerment. the dataset in this ethnographic case study comes from volunteer coaching experiences within two youth sport teams. ethnographic data included field notes from four volunteer coaches, collaborative interviews, archival organizational documents, as well as athlete and parent interviews. a qualitative analysis, informed by structuration theory, revealed specific legitimate, dominant, and symbolic structures that enabled and constrained volunteer and youth athlete empowerment within the teams. the analysis also revealed a process of mirroring empowerment, a novel theoretical concept, which describes how athletes reflected back their own empowerment to empower volunteer coaches. theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. 10. title: how nonprofits make sense of corporate volunteering: explaining different forms of nonprofit-business collaboration authors: hanna schneider, michaela neumayr abstract: corporate volunteering (cv) is an increasingly common type of nonprofit-business collaboration and can take various forms, and its benefits for the business partner are well studied. the benefits for the nonprofit partner, however, are less evident and often questioned. this study investigates why nonprofits engage in and how they make sense of cv collaborations, building on the concepts of sensemaking and cognitive frames. drawing on interviews with staff in nonprofit organizations, we reveal that decisions about cv collaborations usually go beyond the resources acquired through cv itself. we identify three different cv frames and show how they lead to different types of partnerships, hereby challenging the assumption that more integrative partnerships are superior to philanthropic ones. our results show that depending on the frame used, different perceptions of the distribution of power between the nonprofit and the business partner exist, addressing the crucial role of how nonprofit organizations position themselves in such partnerships. 11. title: nonprofit role classification using mission descriptions and supervised machine learning authors: megan lepere-schloop abstract: scholars have used both quantitative and qualitative approaches to empirically study nonprofit roles. mission statements and program descriptions often reflect such roles, however, until recently collecting and classifying a large sample has been labor-intensive. this research note uses data on united ways that e-filed their 990 forms and supervised machine learning to illustrate an approach for classifying a large set of mission descriptions by roles. temporal and geographic variation in roles detected in mission statements suggests that such an approach may be fruitful in future research. �n n/ffnċ� 12. title: charity with chinese characteristics: chinese charitable foundations between the party-state and society, by levy, k., & pissler, k. b. authors: weijun lai abstract: the article reviews the book  charity with chinese characteristics: chi()02:;=degijkmv�����ʻʻʩ���wobtf9thj�5�ojqj^jo(h�?oh�?o5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(hcb�5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h�?oh�?o5�cjojqj^jajh�?o5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�?oh�?o5�cjojqj^jaj)jkl��  � � ��r� $  ����������������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4������       � � � � � � 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