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volume 52, issue 1, february 2024
1. title: lobbying responsiveness to congressional policy agendas
authors: e. j. fagan, alexander c. furnas
abstract: we examine the strategic use of contract and in-house lobbyists by interest groups in response to shifting policy agendas. the role that lobbyists play in the policy process changes based on the policy agenda. most of the time, subsystems manage small changes to public policy, rewarding actors with long-term relationships. organizations with a deep interest in the issue area maintain permanent lobbying presences, earning some degree of privilege over policymaking. however, when the broader macropolitical agenda lurches toward the issue, new participants become involved. new participants often lack the lobbying expertise of the in-house lobbyists of established actors. contract lobbyists play a critical role in providing spare capacity on-demand, allowing participants not normally involved in subsystems to lobby. they also allow the best-resourced actors, who may employ a long-term lobbying presence, to further expand it when necessary. we test this theory using a new dataset of the lobbying content of 1,370,396 bill mentions in u.s. lobbying disclosure reports by 11,842 organizations from 2006 to 2016. we compare their policy agenda to that of the u.s. congress. we find strong evidence that organizations hire contract lobbyists to respond to brief moments of agenda setting while permanent in-house lobbyists have a more stable agenda.
2. title: measuring the stasis: punctuated equilibrium theory and partisan polarization
authors: clare brock, daniel mallinson
abstract: the american policy process is characterized by a pattern known as �punctuated equilibrium,� manifesting as periods of stasis interspersed with large periods of change. punctuated equilibrium suggests that friction in the policy process and uneven information processing result in a policy process that over- and underreacts to problems. increasingly, american political institutions are also characterized by high levels of partisanship, which are rising steadily and represent one of many sources of institutional friction. we argue that with increased polarization, the policy process has become longer, exaggerating patterns of stasis and punctuation�the periods of stasis being more prolonged and punctuations less frequent. in sum, increased partisan polarization in congress amplifies patterns of punctuated equilibrium. we test this theory using data from the comparative agendas project on the federal budget and public laws, using kurtosis scores to measure the relative force of punctuations versus statis. we find increasingly leptokurtic distributions of budget changes from 1948 to 2020, but a decreasingly leptokurtic distribution of public law passage across the same time. these findings indicate that polarization has resulted in exaggerated patterns of punctuated equilibrium in the legislative process, and a tendency toward fewer, higher-stakes public laws.
3. title: the policy acknowledgement gap: explaining (mis)perceptions of government social program use
authors: mallory e. sorelle, delphia shanks
abstract: nearly, all americans have received social policy benefits, yet many do not acknowledge �using government social programs.� why? work on the submerged state proposes that people who receive social assistance through market mechanisms do not realize that the benefits they get are the result of government policy, and therefore, they do not acknowledge receiving government assistance. others point to motivated reasoning or social desirability bias to explain the gap between acknowledging and using social programs. we classify the existing literature into three broad explanations�delivery, definition, and desirability�and propose that each may be responsible for people's inability to accurately report using government social programs. we test these mechanisms with original survey experiments. the results of this study provide support for the theory that multiple mechanisms are at work in shaping social policy acknowledgment, but they confirm that a partisan acknowledgement gap exists across a variety of conditions, and it persists despite treatments designed to minimize it. the study has significant implications for the conditions under which partisanship and policy usage coalesce to undermine support for government social expenditures, and it helps to explain the persistence of a �makers vs. takers� logic in american politics.
4. title: theorizing reactive policy entrepreneurship: a case study of swedish local emergency management
authors: evangelia petridou, roine johansson, kerstin eriksson, gertrud alirani, nikolaos zahariadis
abstract: in this article, we examine public policy change at the local level of governance in the aftermath of an extraordinary event. using the case study of a swedish municipality after the sweeping forest fire of 2014, we contend that policy entrepreneurship, like its market counterpart, may under certain conditions take on a wider range of behaviors that are not underpinned by the proactive quest for opportunities. rather, a sense of urgency and necessity, professional norms, and some keen technical skills make for a different kind of entrepreneurship, which we label reactive policy entrepreneurship.
5. title: a place-based approach to understanding firms' voluntary environmental engagement: the role of regional pressures in the case of korea
authors: jongdae song
abstract: environmental management literature has extensively explored why the regulated community, particularly private firms, join voluntary environmental programs (veps) in which participants promise to regulate �beyond compliance.� however, the notion of locus has been rarely considered a key determinant of a firm's vep participation. this study examines how regional pressures encourage firms' vep participation. drawing on a dataset of over 1000 industrial facilities related to five government sponsored veps in korea, it investigates how three types of regional pressures�regulators, industrial peers, and community members�affect firms' decision to join veps. the major findings are that firms located in the same region as their conglomerate peers, as well as firms located in a place where a large amount of odor pollutant is released, are more likely to participate in veps. these results demonstrate the impact of social attributes derived from the geographic location of firms on facilities' vep engagement.
6. title: decentralization and resource contributions within local governance networks: evidence from health sector reform in honduras
authors: alan zarychta, jade wong
abstract: many public services are co-produced through networks of governmental and non-governmental organizations that choose to or are obliged to contribute resources, a trend that has been reinforced through decentralization reforms. we utilize original data for 826 organizations across 65 local governance networks to assess how decentralization affects resource contributions while accounting for municipality context, network environment, and organizational attributes. drawing on a quasi-experimental design in the context of health sector reform in honduras, we find that decentralization is associated with a slight reduction in the number of resource ties an organization contributes to other organizations in its network. this association is most prominent where municipal governments, rather than non-governmental organizations (ngos) or associations, are lead intermediary organizations under decentralization. additionally, ngos contribute more resource ties relative to community associations or public organizations, and consistent with a crowding-out dynamic, we find that this relationship is attenuated under decentralization. our results suggest that administrative reforms can influence resource contributing behavior by organizations and the structure of inter-organizational networks, which are important but underemphasized mechanisms potentially linking decentralization to service delivery outcomes. this is particularly relevant for policymakers working to support network governance for the joint production of public services in under-resourced settings.
7. title: who is satisfied with their inclusion in polycentric sustainability governance? networks, power, and procedural justice in swiss wetlands
authors: mario angst, martin nicola huber
abstract: sustainability governance in polycentric systems needs to ensure both effectiveness and procedural justice. effectiveness and procedural justice are intricately linked to power dynamics in governance. to assess polycentric sustainability governance, understanding different types, sources, and effects of power is key. here, we investigate network-derived bonding and bridging social capital of actors as specific sources of power in polycentric sustainability governance. we ask two questions: how does bridging and bonding social capital translate into power? and: how is the power associated with satisfaction with inclusion? we relate levels of bonding and bridging social capital to power and satisfaction with inclusion in governance processes for 299 actors in 10 cases of swiss wetlands governance. using a bayesian multi-level regression model, we find that especially bonding social capital is a source of power for actors. further, network-derived power but also nonnetwork-derived power by design translates into satisfaction with inclusion. research and practice of sustainability governance need to be careful to account for power in nuanced ways, acknowledging its sources and relation to procedural justice.
8. title: global diffusion of covid-19 policies: the role of geographic, institutional, and cultural cues
authors: brian y. an, simon porcher, shui-yan tang
abstract: in an unprecedented global crisis, like the covid-19 pandemic, when vertical global governance plays a relatively minor role, government leaders must obtain policy information cues from other governments' behaviors horizontally. this study builds on the policy diffusion literature to examine the distinct role of geographic, cultural, and institutional peers in influencing a country's policy adoptions throughout a diffusion episode. we theorize that in the case of covid-19, policy-culture fit enhances policy learning, leading cultural cues to exert a more pronounced diffusion influence than geographic and institutional cues over time. our empirical analysis leverages worldwide data tracking the daily adoption of nine universal covid-19 non-pharmaceutical policies from january 1, 2020 to june 1, 2021 in nearly 100 countries. we show that geographic and institutional proximity are initial sources of policy cues affecting adoption. but their effects fade over time while that of cultural cues grows in the later stage of a diffusion episode, illustrating the role of policy learning fueled by cultural fit. this research deepens our understanding of policy diffusion dynamics, shedding light on the role of national culture in policymaking and design in comparative policy studies.
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