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volume 88, issue 1, february 2023
1. title: state categories, bureaucracies of displacement, and possibilities from the margins
authors: cecilia menj�var
abstract: in this presidential address, i argue for the importance of state-created categories and classification systems that determine eligibility for tangible and intangible resources. through classification systems based on rules and regulations that reflect powerful interests and ideologies, bureaucracies maintain entrenched inequality systems that include, exclude, and neglect. i propose adopting a critical perspective when using formalized categories in our work, which would acknowledge the constructed nature of those categories, their naturalization through everyday practices, and their misalignments with lived experiences. this lens can reveal the systemic structures that engender both enduring patterns of inequality and state classification systems, and reframe questions about the people the state sorts into the categories we use. i end with a brief discussion of the benefits that can accrue from expanding our theoretical repertoires by including knowledge produced in the global south.
2. title: caught between frontstage and backstage: the failure of the federal reserve to halt rule evasion in the financial crisis of 1974
authors: pierre-christian fink
abstract: rule evasion by companies is a major driver of change in contemporary market societies. recent research holds that periods of market instability offer opportunities to bring rule evasion under control because crises expose hidden market practices. based on original archival evidence from the financial crisis of 1974, this article shows that rule evasion is disclosed not automatically, but strategically and selectively. to explain the ensuing dynamics, the article develops a goffmanian framework in which regulators learn of a crisis of rule evasion backstage (in their interactions with companies) but use a conventional definition of the situation frontstage (in their presentations to the public). in an as yet unrecognized outcome, the regulators may find themselves caught between frontstage and backstage: their communications to the public limit their room for maneuver against the companies backstage, forcing them to repurpose their extant crisis-management tools. because regulators publicly pretend to stay within their mandate, this form of crisis response renders re-regulation of rule evasion less likely. the finding contributes a new explanation for a central puzzle in the burgeoning sociology of crises: why periods of instability so rarely lead to change.
3. title: embracing market liberalism? community structure, embeddedness, and mutual savings and loan conversions to stock corporations
authors: marc schneiberg, adam goldstein, matthew s. kraatz
abstract: integrating research on communities with economic and organizational sociology, we analyze how organizations� responses to marketization are shaped by their embeddedness in communities and the socio-associational structure of those communities. we address these relations via event-history analyses of mutual conversions to stock corporations among savings and loan associations (slas) in the united states, a population of depositor-owned and traditionally community-based banks that demutualized amid deregulation during the 1970s and 1980s. consistent with accounts of social disorganization and declining social capital, sla managers abandoned mutual for corporate enterprise as slas became less locally embedded, and where communities experienced disorganization and declining working- or cross-class associationalism. yet conversions also depended on elite detachment, civic reorganization, bifurcation within communities, and �upwardly oriented� associations that helped sla managers reorient slas from main street to wall street. through this study, we look beyond networks, institutions, and categories to add communities and local associations to economic sociology�s toolkit for understanding the social foundations of firms and markets. we show how financialization coupled macro-level political-institutional dynamics of marketization with community-level dynamics of elite disconnection, class and ethno-racial fracture, and civic reorganization, while also shedding light on the contemporary fates of mutual and cooperative forms.
4. title: ready to rent: administrative decisions and poverty governance in the housing choice voucher program
authors: brian j. mccabe
abstract: sociological studies of poverty governance investigate how state actors manage marginalized populations, regulate their participation in social institutions, and reform their behavior through systems of punishment and rewards. research in this area considers a range of institutions involved in managing poverty, but it has largely ignored an institution omnipresent in the lives of the poor�public housing agencies (phas). focusing on the housing choice voucher program, the largest rental assistance program in the country, i examine discretionary choices made by phas that affect who gets access to rental assistance, how long clients have to wait, and what they must do to maintain their benefits. i ask how these administrative decisions create successive opportunities for state agencies to govern the poor. drawing on interviews with agency officials, i describe a tripartite process of selecting market-ready households, engaging them in rituals of market formation, and utilizing market nudges to remind them of their responsibilities as market actors. this framework deepens sociological understandings of how local state agencies utilize discretionary choices in a resource-scarce, highly decentralized policy environment to evaluate, reform, and discipline the poor.
5. title: hierarchies in the decentralized welfare state: prioritization in the housing choice voucher program
authors: simone zhang, rebecca a. johnson
abstract: social provision in the united states is highly decentralized. significant federal and state funding flows to local organizational actors, who are granted discretion over how to allocate resources to people in need. in welfare states where many programs are underfunded and decoupled from local need, how does decentralization shape who gets what? this article identifies forces that shape how local actors classify help-seekers when they ration scarce resources, focusing on the case of prioritization in the housing choice voucher program. we use network methods to represent and analyze 1,398 local prioritization policies. our results reveal two patterns that challenge expectations from past literature. first, we observe classificatory restraint, or many organizations choosing not to draw fine distinctions between applicants to prioritize. second, when organizations do institute priority categories, policies often advantage applicants who are formally institutionally connected to the local community. interviews with officials, in turn, reveal how prioritization schemes reflect housing agencies� position within a matrix of intra-organizational, inter-organizational, and vertical forces that structure the meaning and cost of classifying help-seekers. these findings illustrate how local organizations� use of classification to solve on-the-ground organizational problems and manage scarce resources can generate additional forms of exclusion.
6. title: higher education and the black-white earnings gap
authors: xiang zhou, guanghui pan
abstract: how does higher education shape the black-white earnings gap? it may help close the gap if black youth benefit more from attending and completing college than do white youth. on the other hand, black college-goers are less likely to complete college relative to white students, and this disparity in degree completion helps reproduce racial inequality. in this study, we use a novel causal decomposition and a debiased machine learning method to isolate, quantify, and explain the equalizing and stratifying roles of college. analyzing data from the nlsy97, we find that a bachelor�s degree has a strong equalizing effect on earnings among men (albeit not among women); yet, at the population level, this equalizing effect is partly offset by unequal likelihoods of bachelor�s completion between black and white students. moreover, a bachelor�s degree narrows the male black-white earnings gap not by reducing the influence of class background and pre-college academic ability, but by lessening the �unexplained� penalty of being black in the labor market. to illuminate the policy implications of our findings, we estimate counterfactual earnings gaps under a series of stylized educational interventions. we find that interventions that both boost rates of college attendance and bachelor�s completion and close racial disparities in these transitions can substantially reduce the black-white earnings gap.
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